Powerful earthquake hits near Tambora Volcano, Indonesia – Sign of another imminent super eruption?
By Strange Sounds -
Aug 2, 2016
USE LINK FOR VIDEOS - http://strangesounds.org/2016/08/powerful-earthquake-tambora-volcano-next-super-eruption-indonesia-video.html
On July 31, 2016, a strong (M5.8) and shallow (10km) earthquake hit really close to Mount Tambura, Indonesia, a volcano responsible for the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history in 1815.
Scary? Yes! Based on evidence from the geologic record, the chances of another eruption the size of Tambora occurring somewhere on Earth might be around 10% in the next 50 years and more likely than not, it will be from a volcano in Indonesia. We might think that Tambora is an isolated incident from the past, but volcanoes think otherwise. Another Tambora will happen, and there is a decent chance that it could be in our lifetime. Whether or not we’re prepared for it is another story, but we can be sure that we haven’t seen the last of eruptions of this magnitude.
The 1815 eruption at Indonesia’s Tambora was a blast that altered global climate for years afterwards and has been fingered as the trigger of revolutions and migrations. Over 70,000 people perished directly from the event and hundreds of thousands more may have died due to disease and famine that could be linked to the effect Tambora had around the world.
No eruption in any of our lifetimes have come close to the size and impact of Tambora and once volcanic eruptions get this big, it can sometimes be difficult to really grasp just how large of a geologic cataclysm it was.
Those 175 cubic kilometers of volcanic debris is worth about 50 cubic kilometers of magma (so about 3.5:1 ratio of debris to magma). 50 cubic kilometers puts Tambora in the same class as the eruption of Mazama/Crater Lake in Oregon ~7,700 years ago. Compare that to the biggest eruption of the 20th century, the 1912 eruption of Katmai in Alaska, and you’d find that Tambora erupted 3.8 times more magma and 2.9 times more volcanic ash and debris. You can look at the mass of the magma as well.
This animation shows global surface temperature anomalies in the years following the eruption:
That plume and the following pyroclastic flows spread ash across the region. How much ash and how far has been tricky to reconstruct, even for an eruption that occurred only 200 years ago. Over 500,000 square kilometers around Tambora was covered with at least 1 centimeter of ash — that’s like covering all of Spain or 2 Oregons with a centimeter of ash. Double that number likely received at least a dusting of ash, so something like the entirety of Colombia or 2 Californias. In Banyawangi, over 400 kilometers from Tambora (roughly the distance between Las Vegas and Phoenix), 23 centimeters (9 inches) of ash fell. That is more than enough, especially mixed with any rain, to collapse roofs.
The explosion was heard on Sumatra island more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away. Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands. Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the eruptive fallout ruined agricultural productivity in the local region. The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption.
The Tambora cataclysm in art, science, agriculture and epidemics:
The eruption caused global climate anomalies that included the phenomenon known as “volcanic winter”. 1816 became known as the “Year Without a Summer” because of the effect on North American and European weather. Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century.
http://strangesounds.org/2016/08/powerful-earthquake-tambora-volcano-next-super-eruption-indonesia-video.html
By Strange Sounds -
Aug 2, 2016
USE LINK FOR VIDEOS - http://strangesounds.org/2016/08/powerful-earthquake-tambora-volcano-next-super-eruption-indonesia-video.html
With an estimated ejecta volume of 160 km3 (38 cu mi), Tambora’s 1815 outburst was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history.
And a powerful earthquake – 5.8 in magnitude – hit within miles of the volcanic peak on July 31, 2016. Is another mega-eruption imminent?
On July 31, 2016, a strong (M5.8) and shallow (10km) earthquake hit really close to Mount Tambura, Indonesia, a volcano responsible for the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history in 1815.
Scary? Yes! Based on evidence from the geologic record, the chances of another eruption the size of Tambora occurring somewhere on Earth might be around 10% in the next 50 years and more likely than not, it will be from a volcano in Indonesia. We might think that Tambora is an isolated incident from the past, but volcanoes think otherwise. Another Tambora will happen, and there is a decent chance that it could be in our lifetime. Whether or not we’re prepared for it is another story, but we can be sure that we haven’t seen the last of eruptions of this magnitude.
The 1815 eruption at Indonesia’s Tambora was a blast that altered global climate for years afterwards and has been fingered as the trigger of revolutions and migrations. Over 70,000 people perished directly from the event and hundreds of thousands more may have died due to disease and famine that could be linked to the effect Tambora had around the world.
No eruption in any of our lifetimes have come close to the size and impact of Tambora and once volcanic eruptions get this big, it can sometimes be difficult to really grasp just how large of a geologic cataclysm it was.
How much stuff came out?
The eruption of Tambora produced 175 cubic kilometers of volcanic debris (mostly ash and other tephra). 175 cubic kilometers is ~ 38 cu mi. How much is that? You could bury the state of Rhode Island in 183 (55 meters) feet of ash or Singapore in 805 feet (245 meters) of ash.Those 175 cubic kilometers of volcanic debris is worth about 50 cubic kilometers of magma (so about 3.5:1 ratio of debris to magma). 50 cubic kilometers puts Tambora in the same class as the eruption of Mazama/Crater Lake in Oregon ~7,700 years ago. Compare that to the biggest eruption of the 20th century, the 1912 eruption of Katmai in Alaska, and you’d find that Tambora erupted 3.8 times more magma and 2.9 times more volcanic ash and debris. You can look at the mass of the magma as well.
How fast did that come out?
Tambora erupted an amazing amount of volcanic material and it did in a very short period of time. The whole eruption may have lasted no more than ~3 days. At its peak, it may have been erupting material at 300-500 million kilograms per second! The Horseshoe Falls at Niagara, at peak times, have 168,000 cubic meters of water passing over it per minute. Using the density of water (1000 kilograms per cubic meter), that works out to 2.8 million kilograms per second. So, the eruption of Tambora emitted, by mass, 178 times more per second than Niagara can handle.Is that all?
Magma isn’t the only thing that came out Tambora during the 1815 eruption. When magma rises it releases gases that are dissolved in it. In a cataclysmic eruption like Tambora, that volcanic aerosols are catastrophically released. During the 1815 eruption, the volcano released 60 Tg (teragram, or 1012 grams) sulfur, 100 Tg chlorine (as HCl) and 70 Tg fluorine. That’s ~262,000 Saturn V rockets worth of sulfur and fluorine and ~437,000 of chlorine — all erupted over the span of only a few days. The amount of sulfur released by Tambora was 6 times more than the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo but only 58% of the sulfur released in the 1783 eruption of Laki in Iceland. It was all these aerosols, especially sulfur, that caused the vivid sunsets and cooled climate seen around the world for years after the eruption.This animation shows global surface temperature anomalies in the years following the eruption:
All that ash
The eruption had two main phases: an initial Plinian eruption followed by voluminous pyroclastic flows of hot volcanic debris roaring down the slopes of Tambora. The Plinian phase produced an ash plume that was ~33 kilometers tall, possibly peaking at 43 kilometers tall. Plume heights like that reach well into the stratosphere, meaning the ash and volcanic aerosols could be moved around the globe quickly in the winds.That plume and the following pyroclastic flows spread ash across the region. How much ash and how far has been tricky to reconstruct, even for an eruption that occurred only 200 years ago. Over 500,000 square kilometers around Tambora was covered with at least 1 centimeter of ash — that’s like covering all of Spain or 2 Oregons with a centimeter of ash. Double that number likely received at least a dusting of ash, so something like the entirety of Colombia or 2 Californias. In Banyawangi, over 400 kilometers from Tambora (roughly the distance between Las Vegas and Phoenix), 23 centimeters (9 inches) of ash fell. That is more than enough, especially mixed with any rain, to collapse roofs.
Big explosion means big energy
An explosive eruption like Tambora releases huge amount of energy. This eruption was 33 billion tons of TNT. That’s 2.2 million Little Boys (the first atomic bomb). Tambora, in the span of a few days, released about the same amount of energy as the consumption of the entire United States in one year (or ~ 1/4 of the entire world’s annual energy consumption!). Tambora was ~1200 times more powerful than the 2004 Indonesian M9.3 earthquake.The consequences
Before the eruption in 1815, Tambora was a volcano that might have been 4,300 meters (~14,100 feet) tall. One of the biggest results of the 1815 eruption was the generation of a caldera — a large depression caused by the volcano falling in on itself after emptying its innards during the eruption (see the image at the top). The Tambora caldera is ~1.2 kilometers deep, so the volcano lost at least a few kilometers of elevation in a matter of maybe a day. The total volume of the caldera is ~36 cubic kilometers, which is pretty close to the total volume of magma erupted (50 cubic kilometers), so most of the hole that was created during the eruption is the missing magma that is now spread out as the ash across southeast Asia.The explosion was heard on Sumatra island more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away. Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands. Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the eruptive fallout ruined agricultural productivity in the local region. The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption.
The Tambora cataclysm in art, science, agriculture and epidemics:
The eruption caused global climate anomalies that included the phenomenon known as “volcanic winter”. 1816 became known as the “Year Without a Summer” because of the effect on North American and European weather. Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century.
http://strangesounds.org/2016/08/powerful-earthquake-tambora-volcano-next-super-eruption-indonesia-video.html
Today at 10:26 am by Bama Diva
» utube 9/24/24 MM&C Iraqi Dinar News-IRAQ-INTERNATIONALISM NY-2023 to 2029 Road Map - Social- Finan
Today at 7:01 am by Rocky
» utube 9/23/24 MM&C Iraqi Dinar News Update - IQD News - Al-Sudani-79th & Sideline Meetings-UNGA-NYC
Today at 7:00 am by Rocky
» What is Iraq's connection? An economist diagnoses the reasons for the "pessimistic" expectations reg
Today at 6:54 am by Rocky
» Chinese Ambassador: The "Development Road" project and the "Belt and Road" initiative are completely
Today at 6:52 am by Rocky
» Basra government signs with the International Labor Organization the Executive Procedures Guide for
Today at 6:50 am by Rocky
» Iraqi Central Bank sales exceed $253 million in today's auction
Today at 6:48 am by Rocky
» Localization of employees’ salaries and border crossings.. the most important topics discussed in th
Today at 6:46 am by Rocky
» Justice is about to create a database to count real estate belonging to government institutions
Today at 6:45 am by Rocky
» Parliamentary Finance: Iraq is experiencing good and stable economic conditions
Today at 6:43 am by Rocky
» New additions and amendments awaiting the "General Amnesty Law"
Today at 6:40 am by Rocky
» Localization of employees’ salaries, the oil file and the ports on the table of the Finance Committe
Today at 6:39 am by Rocky
» Courts of Appeal Embrace Technology: Details of New E-Services
Today at 6:36 am by Rocky
» Iraq, China sign MoU on combating corruption, pursuing wanted persons, and recovering assets
Today at 6:35 am by Rocky
» Parliament to hold special session next Saturday to discuss aggression on Lebanon
Today at 6:34 am by Rocky
» Parliamentary Finance: The government has guaranteed the liquidity of salaries and there is no crisi
Today at 6:32 am by Rocky
» Iraq Personal Status: An Endless Debate Between Sects and Rights
Today at 6:30 am by Rocky
» After Blinken's meeting: Will Sudan resolve the Ceyhan pipeline crisis before the end of the year?
Today at 6:28 am by Rocky
» Iraq is close to announcing a joint statement with the international coalition
Today at 6:27 am by Rocky
» Finance issues new circular on employee appointment
Today at 5:19 am by Rocky
» The Supreme Judicial Council announces the activation of electronic services in the presidencies of
Today at 5:17 am by Rocky
» MP: Forming a committee to assess desertification losses in Iraq
Today at 5:16 am by Rocky
» Call for Parliament to hold an emergency session to discuss the US presence file
Today at 5:15 am by Rocky
» Parliamentary Work reveals the most important laws on its agenda
Today at 5:14 am by Rocky
» Minister of Transport announces the establishment of the Joint Maritime Authority between Iraq and B
Today at 5:11 am by Rocky
» US Treasury: Supporters of Al-Sudani’s Reform Agenda
Today at 5:09 am by Rocky
» Supreme Committee for Tax Reform: We will rely only on net profit in calculating income tax
Today at 5:07 am by Rocky
» Electricity launches a campaign to rehabilitate and improve the performance of distribution networks
Today at 5:06 am by Rocky
» Iraq.. Activating electronic services in the presidencies of the courts of appeal
Today at 5:04 am by Rocky
» The Central Bank of Iraq decides to close the Babylon Bank
Today at 5:02 am by Rocky
» China: We exported 23,000 electric cars to Iraq during the current year
Today at 5:00 am by Rocky
» Iraq moves to export jet fuel
Today at 4:59 am by Rocky
» Iraq ranks eighth among the largest importers of American rice
Today at 4:58 am by Rocky
» consensus!
Today at 4:57 am by Rocky
» Parliamentary Finance to {Sabah}: No economic crisis in Iraq
Today at 4:55 am by Rocky
» Providing housing for the unemployed and the disabled
Today at 4:54 am by Rocky
» Iraq opens its arms to Lebanon
Today at 4:53 am by Rocky
» Launching 91 service projects in Nineveh
Today at 4:51 am by Rocky
» Agriculture reviews to {Sabah} the most important topics of {Iraq Investment Forum}
Today at 4:49 am by Rocky
» Minister of Health to {Sabah}: Extensive medical plans to care for school students
Today at 4:48 am by Rocky
» Reconstruction: Opening 5 projects to relieve congestion by the end of 2024
Today at 4:47 am by Rocky
» Al-Sudani receives an invitation to visit Italy
Today at 4:42 am by Rocky
» Iraqi warning of a "bizarre paradox"... Washington is manipulating the largest human reservoir of ex
Today at 4:41 am by Rocky
» "Exposed Operations" Have Been Processed.. Specialist Confirms Decline in Money Laundering Operation
Today at 4:39 am by Rocky
» Al-Sudani participates in the Future Summit in the UN General Assembly meetings
Today at 4:36 am by Rocky
» Political move to decide the position of Parliament Speaker: Sunni dispute greatly hindered the file
Today at 4:35 am by Rocky
» Trade denies calling on citizens to store food supplies and reassures Iraqis of good stock
Today at 4:32 am by Rocky
» Parliamentary committee reveals a way to increase the price of a barrel of Iraqi oil to $2,500
Today at 4:31 am by Rocky
» Soon.. A law prohibiting the sale of tobacco products in Iraq to those under 18 years old
Today at 4:30 am by Rocky
» Al-Faihaa field project achieves high rates of completion in its development
Today at 4:29 am by Rocky
» Electricity: Launching a campaign to modernize, rehabilitate and improve the performance of distribu
Today at 4:28 am by Rocky
» Erdogan: Iraq's decisive steps for reconstruction must be supported
Today at 4:27 am by Rocky
» Foreign Ministers of Iraq, Egypt and Jordan: Israel is pushing the region towards a comprehensive wa
Today at 4:26 am by Rocky
» The Supreme Judicial Council announces the activation of electronic services in the presidencies of
Today at 4:25 am by Rocky
» President of the Republic: Stresses the importance of supporting the food basket and enhancing stabi
Today at 4:24 am by Rocky
» Chinese Ambassador talks about 8 files related to Iraq
Today at 4:23 am by Rocky
» US Treasury confirms support for Central Bank of Iraq
Today at 4:21 am by Rocky
» Rafidain: Collecting more than 3 trillion dinars electronically in 9 months
Today at 4:20 am by Rocky
» Among them is facilitating communication between citizens and the judiciary.. activating electronic
Today at 4:17 am by Rocky
» Dollar exchange rates rise in Iraqi stock exchanges
Today at 4:15 am by Rocky
» Iraq discusses with Meta the issue of accounts promoting terrorism and conflicting with the morals o
Today at 4:14 am by Rocky
» 240,000 employees’ heads and family members were monitored for violating social protection salaries
Today at 4:12 am by Rocky
» Rafidain Bank announces the results of "electronic collection" during 9 months
Today at 4:11 am by Rocky
» In Diwaniyah... Political differences are a cover for corruption!
Today at 4:09 am by Rocky
» Chinese Ambassador reveals to Sumaria details of car exports and granting entry visas to Iraqis
Today at 4:07 am by Rocky
» Foreign collusion? FCC moves with 'unprecedented' speed to approve Soros' capture of 200+ radio stat
Yesterday at 7:47 pm by Bama Diva
» utube FIVE Known Assassination Teams Are Targeting President Trump!
Yesterday at 8:01 am by Rocky
» utube 9/21/24 MM&C Iraq Dinar Update | #xrpripple #iraqidinar - Iraq Budget Revenue Tables 2024 S
Yesterday at 7:14 am by Rocky
» Within a month, the Central Bank's sales exceed $5 billion
Yesterday at 7:10 am by Rocky
» Sudanese advisor: Government measures include imposing 200 percent fees to protect national products
Yesterday at 7:09 am by Rocky
» MP: Iraq is heading towards “major” economic changes and a global urban revolution
Yesterday at 7:08 am by Rocky
» New facilities for investors to support pharmaceutical industries
Yesterday at 7:04 am by Rocky
» Pros and cons.. Why doesn't the Central Bank remove 3 zeros from the Iraqi currency?
Yesterday at 7:01 am by Rocky
» Corruption... How can it be combated?
Yesterday at 6:59 am by Rocky
» Suspicions of corruption and price gouging.. Parliament welcomes opening the "Iraq Gate" file
Yesterday at 6:57 am by Rocky
» Al-Alaq signs agreement with the International Finance Corporation on {Banking Sustainability Roadma
Yesterday at 6:54 am by Rocky
» Iraq is close to completing its financial transfers electronically.. and the US Treasury reveals its
Yesterday at 6:53 am by Rocky
» Trade Bank of Iraq sets controls for granting car loans to state employees
Yesterday at 6:51 am by Rocky
» Will Removing Zeros from the Dinar Restore Its Strength? Central Bank Reveals the Risks
Yesterday at 6:49 am by Rocky
» Moving towards a new model in the relationship between Iraq and the United States
Yesterday at 6:48 am by Rocky
» Al-Haidari calls on Al-Sudani to stop oil smuggling inside the region
Yesterday at 5:21 am by Rocky
» Warning of US Ambassador's moves to drag Iraq into "new chaos"
Yesterday at 5:20 am by Rocky
» The Commission announces the launch of the propaganda campaign for the Kurdistan Region elections to
Yesterday at 5:17 am by Rocky
» Iraq exports more than $400,000 worth of artworks and collectibles to Switzerland
Yesterday at 5:15 am by Rocky
» US Treasury: Iraq's non-oil economy grew by 6%
Yesterday at 5:14 am by Rocky
» Prime Minister: The government has made great strides in the financial and banking reform file
Yesterday at 5:12 am by Rocky
» The dollar rises in Baghdad markets
Yesterday at 5:11 am by Rocky
» Al-Nusairi calls on the government to enable the private sector to contribute to providing job oppor
Yesterday at 5:10 am by Rocky
» Including extending the entry visa.. Al-Sudani issues 3 directives regarding Lebanese citizens
Yesterday at 5:09 am by Rocky
» Al-Sudani presents a future work plan
Yesterday at 5:07 am by Rocky
» Campaign to maintain transmission lines and electricity distribution networks
Yesterday at 5:05 am by Rocky
» Distribution of modern sprinklers in the largest agricultural governorates
Yesterday at 5:03 am by Rocky
» Electricity starts maintenance of transmission lines and distribution networks
Yesterday at 5:02 am by Rocky
» Parliament and Health Ministry finalizing Tobacco Harm Law
Yesterday at 5:01 am by Rocky
» Al-Sudani: The world and the region are going through a difficult time
Yesterday at 5:00 am by Rocky
» Preparations continue for parliamentary elections in the region
Yesterday at 4:58 am by Rocky
» Trends to organize union work
Yesterday at 4:57 am by Rocky
» Parliamentary efforts to activate the {solar energy} initiative
Yesterday at 4:56 am by Rocky
» The President of the Republic stresses the importance of confronting extremist ideas
Yesterday at 4:54 am by Rocky