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[ltr]/ Balances News / published research on economics[/ltr]

 Since 02/02/2017 17:54 pm (Baghdad time)
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[ltr]Researcher: Majed Mohammed Ali al - Moussawi[/ltr]

[ltr]First: Definition of Political Economy[/ltr]
[ltr]1. Definition of science:[/ltr]
[ltr]The concept of science of the major concepts in contemporary private studies with the growing controversy over the infinite concept of science in the experimental side and wonder about the social and humanitarian research that is studying human behavior and society process. He notes that this trend in the definition of science is the result of the historical development of Western and experience about this concept[/ltr]
[ltr]By reference to the philosophy of science and the use of the term in the sense in intended to science: "The sum of the organization of human knowledge about nature, society and thought, and learned through the discovery of the objective laws that sensory phenomena control and so widely used platforms for scientific research, a knowledge aims to explain these phenomena scientifically explanation" But if we take one various branches of science is intended by "total organization of knowledge on a range of phenomena."[/ltr]
[ltr]Often Maigturn mention of the word "science" in terms other express the meaning of "science" in talking like Mozaah Mozawaah experimental determinism, physical, scientific laws era ... These terms have emerged product of historical period stretching from intellectual Alnhzh stage and the Age of Enlightenment in Europe and the transformation that I knew on various levels of knowledge to reflect this by an extension of the intellectual heritage and knowledge to that stage has become the human mind is the only alternative and the reference to explain all what is happening in the ocean, and indeed humanitarian (after he was given the reasons for the phenomena to the interpretations of theology or metaphysics (revelation) shall be submitted Church in stage Middle Ages so that was a monopolist the only sources of knowledge and the persecution of and the fight against a new source of knowledge may contradict with Matkdmh Church) also it was linked the concept of science in the modern era experimental approach that of restitution of all things to experience and Akhzaha to study laboratory through mental cognition of reality through observation as a result of inadequate human cognition for access to some of the facts without experience the origins of this approach to Alaurbin scientists in the early seventeenth century, especially to Francis Deacon has entered the world of the word into English around 1840 to distinguish those who are looking for an experimental laws in nature for philosophers and thinkers[/ltr]
[ltr]Research Methodology[/ltr]
[ltr]Research Methodology is a form of knowledge process of any way in which the mind in his study of the subject to reach a general law or the style of a researcher at the access to the facts surrounding the things in nature and society through a series of mental and realistic procedures used for this purpose[/ltr]
[ltr]The curriculum if it is: a total of steps taken by the mind in order to extract knowledge[/ltr]
[ltr]The scientific research method is usually on the basis of training the scientific method. It is an inductive approach (to the total) deductive (all to the part) is based on the observation and experimentation in fact would aim of interpretation circular and the expectation is observed workout for interpretation and circular and sign[/ltr]
[ltr]- Note: The initial perception of reality description and division of phenomena[/ltr]
[ltr]- Develop scientific hypotheses[/ltr]
[ltr]- Experimentation: Repeat observation[/ltr]
[ltr]- Interpretation: access to the truth[/ltr]
[ltr]- Building scientific hypotheses[/ltr]
[ltr]- Circular: the drafting of a general law utilized in the interpretation of reality[/ltr]
[ltr]- Prediction:[/ltr]
[ltr]Where the seeker begins by observing reality in order to portray the imposition of the work (the imposition of the first) and then enters the experimentation, the first hypothesis proved correct fit of interpretation and becomes legally valid scientifically-year-old to ask for help in understanding the economic reality and expectation would[/ltr]

[ltr]When you can talk about science?[/ltr]
[ltr]Talk about the flag in a particular field of knowledge-based must provide a set of conditions.[/ltr]
[ltr]First: should a specific topic is available. The theme of scientific knowledge in general is depictions of mental phenomena or facts[/ltr]
[ltr]Second: should we have available body of scientific knowledge through:[/ltr]
[ltr]- Because the scientific knowledge should be drawn that are used in scientific research method process[/ltr]
[ltr]- Should be the approach to research activity detection of the objective laws that facts control or phenomena under study (the formulation of these laws by observing the repetition in certain circumstances for the development of natural and social phenomena examples of laws: the law of gravity, the law of disease and medicine, evaporation Law, earthquakes Law , the law of speed, the Meteorological Law, politics laws (a personal relationship with the nature of the ruling regime, the relationship between democracy and economic stability), economic laws (Act economy by supply and demand)[/ltr]
[ltr]Third: should we have available a set of laws and theories:[/ltr]
[ltr]It represents the result of a study subject through the experimental scientific method[/ltr]
[ltr]The study of science of political economy require that we first determine the status of this science and nature amid other sciences[/ltr]
[ltr]We recall here that science can be divided into three sections:[/ltr]
[ltr]- Natural Sciences: a science concerned with studying the relationships between objects or physical natural variables such as chemistry, physics, biology, etc ...[/ltr]
[ltr]- Theoretical science abstract: interested in studying the relationship between logical data and the most important abstract mathematics[/ltr]
[ltr]- Human or social sciences: interested in studying the relationships that associate with the man himself or with another human being or with the community or with other things, so that is the main focus of this science.[/ltr]

[ltr]2. linguistic meanings of the term economic / political economy[/ltr]
[ltr]- Asset language of the word "economy."[/ltr]
[ltr]The word economy in the Arabic language is derived from the intent and has several meanings but which concerns us money linked to money and spending the like. The intent is moderation in the whole behavior.[/ltr]
[ltr]According to the words of the Arabs:[/ltr]
[ltr]Intended thing in a dispute between excessive and extravagant skimping. The intention of living in that Eiserv Iqtr, said so and so frugal in spending, and so and so sparingly in his order any unbend and saying whom Mguetd between the oppressor and the past.[/ltr]

[ltr]As it stated in the lexicon Broker:[/ltr]
[ltr]Accidentally in judgment amended, and in order to alimony carousing did not falter, and sparingly in his order mediate[/ltr]

[ltr]Meanings by words Alangelazitin: in the Arabic language usually occurs confusion between the two words were translated English word translated into the first economy "economy," while the second economics Vtorgomt economics or the systematic study of the economy.[/ltr]
[ltr]Economy: According to the famous oxford advanced learners Oxford Dictionary Seventh Edition (2005), "The relationship between production, trade and money supply in the country or territory."[/ltr]
[ltr]Economics:[/ltr]
[ltr]Translated into science or study of how the economy works and how you react to the parties or the players (such as the product and the seller and the target company and the government ... etc)[/ltr]
[ltr]- As for the language of origin of the term "political economy."[/ltr]
[ltr]Was derived from the Greco-three words meaning to "edema city rules," a house of defamation law rules[/ltr]
[ltr]3. idiomatic definition of "science of political economy" and its relationship to the term economic policy[/ltr]
[ltr]Component of this convention did not enter any of the words "economy" and "political" at once the term economy (home / Law) comes Aristotle who is intended to use it (aware of the laws of home economics) or disclosure laws Household Finance was used Astalaa "political economy," but in the beginning of the century XVII, which scored, by French writer Anto Wendy Montekceka who published in 1615 a book entitled (verbose / explain the political economy), meaning in political that it was a "state economy laws" as he brought to the economy and political status for personal preoccupations looked through it to create a new science is "the art of getting state revenues."[/ltr]
[ltr]It is through this work that included the political economy of the phrase was intended "Antoine de Monakriatian" to determine the policy to be followed by the state for the increase of wealth, and so on back of the economy as a description for the style of a regulatory and political lift from the physical level of the country's population so it goes a lot of students that use expression of the political economy of the party "Anto Wendy Montekretiaan" he meant through a series of tips and Alarashadt that give Mai Rao King even manages financial city or state if we look in the will, we will find that he knew (economic policy) and so he goes out by the assets of the Greek terminology "edema city rules" to (science Malahamh) and not aware of the political economy. This mixing signed it, "Anto Wendy Monakratnan" because the big difference between the two terms.[/ltr]
[ltr]- Political Economy: a comprehensive theoretical knowledge of him Mozaweith[/ltr]
[ltr]- Economic policy: the art of practical part depends on theoretical science.[/ltr]

[ltr]Has appeared in the eighteenth half was the very beginning of the emergence of economics as an independent discipline at the hands of Alvezaoukration then by the classic English so that the work of these economists in their desire to bring out Malalmanm to avoid this confusion between the meaning of the science of political economy and politics Alguetsadah did this confusion rises only after wrote Adam Smith book wealth of Nations in 1776, which tried through adherence to scientific objectivity in the study of economic phenomena, for a term of political economy used to denote the science of wealth so economists view that attention to the economy as a separate note has already begun with the book Adam Smith (the wealth of Nations), which make it described as the father and founder of the science of political economy is that this attempt to avoid confusion between the political economy and economic policy by these economists thinkers. Separation between them did not happen was not among them the idea of ​​separation between knowledge and disposition which has affected the credibility of objectivity in their studies as knowledge were not they have devoid of practical purpose FD was "Aelovesaoukrat" Adam aim in their analysis to discuss ways to get rich state is that they Astendo in achieving this purpose practical to loans and any models to abstract analysis and so traditionally use the expression of political economy.[/ltr]

[ltr]Economics and abstract approach to economic analysis:[/ltr]
[ltr]But in the mid-nineteenth century seemed a lot of traders Anglo Saxon wrong with the use of this expres​sion(political economy) is used rather than economics or the economy. It was clear from this that there are serious attempts to cut a total d = between what is abstract and what is practical. Any separation of economics as a science theoretical and simply applied economic policy and there was a desire to highlight what they know of independence from the other, especially sociology and politics in the sciences Advo it Maatoffer in sports science from the status of neutrality, especially in social terms, therefore Ahtdzo part of the research and stripped all practical purpose any separated between knowledge and behavior in terms of value and purpose and Qsro task of economics at the disclosure laws that economic phenomena for the purpose of knowledge alone control and not achieving the goals and purposes of the process to abandon them for the expression of political economy and Astbdelaunh behalf of Economics (abstract economy).[/ltr]
[ltr]But despite the strength of this trend in the Anglo-Saxon TREVES economics, but the expression of political economy has continued until today recalled the force that was to him after he lost with the widening gap between abstract and applied economics.[/ltr]

[ltr]Hence unclear how the economy was the first politically it (economic policy and how the weakness of this trend, then how he returned and economy became politically again (especially with the ideas of Marxism, socialism) With increased state intervention in economic life has become for the economy a political label has become interested in the political and social problems especially social justice and national welfare problems and became inconceivable separated from the political and economic life to become the expres​sion(excuse the political economy).[/ltr]

[ltr]Frenchman Raymond Barre knows his book The Political Economy of economics as a science (studying the conduct of scarce resources and forms of conversion of these materials) it shows he is aware of the ways in which individuals and communities, followed by numerous widgets and that of countless use limited means)[/ltr]

[ltr]We conclude from this definition: that economics cares Bzahertyn[/ltr]
[ltr]- The phenomenon of the scarcity of human resource that wants to get it[/ltr]
[ltr]- The phenomenon of human diligence in converting these resources inadvertently fed desires[/ltr]

[ltr]Raymond Barre: Economics: is the science of the study of relationships between individuals for each other and their relations with the things in their quest[/ltr]
[ltr]We conclude from this definition that economics is interested in studying.[/ltr]
[ltr]- The relationship of man to rule that works to convert \[/ltr]
[ltr]- Diligence in the regulatory framework of certain social[/ltr]
[ltr]- The goal of economic activity is to reach to achieve greater well-being and material prosperity[/ltr]
[ltr]Marxist definition: Economics is: (the study of economic life in the framework of a social organization and the stage of historical development) (Tzbt aware of the laws that various social relations and production techniques)[/ltr]
[ltr]We conclude from this definition that is the subject of political economy[/ltr]
[ltr]- The study of the social relations of members arising from the ownership of the means of production in the context of their historical development[/ltr]
[ltr]- The economic structure that determines the nature of the political and social structure of tubal[/ltr]
[ltr]- Economics: is the science of the historical development of the social structure of production[/ltr]
[ltr]Fourth definition: Islamic definition[/ltr]
[ltr]Economics is (so the science that teaches individuals and economic relations in order to achieve the satisfaction of material needs in the framework of Islamic legislation specified[/ltr]
[ltr]We conclude from this definition that the issue of Islamic political economy revolves around:[/ltr]
[ltr]- Islam means economic and financial issues for individuals[/ltr]
[ltr]- To Aevsal Islamic religion among secular goals of economic activity and goals eschatological Ktalpah material needs of individuals[/ltr]

[ltr]Through these different definitions can set the content of economics / political economy at: -[/ltr]
[ltr]- Economics cares primarily as ways of scarce resources administration, he notes classified information resulting from human experiments[/ltr]
[ltr]- Economics and foremost second / organization actually cares on towards unity and periodic shows (the similarity resulting from repeating) that prints human behavior, it is humanity theoretical tasks or humanitarian analysis is to establish ideas or search for economic phenomena, effects and clarify the interpretation of public relations for fixed that including any discovery the objective laws that establish logical systems pose models / economic fact[/ltr]
[ltr]- Contribute to economic science in guiding economic policy, he was not suggesting a political or social goals, but seeks to determine the integrated economic policy[/ltr]
[ltr]- In the face of certain objectives and within specified process conditions, economics rules provides the best use of resources and economic prospects formats to achieve material well-being.[/ltr]

[ltr]Subject of political economy:[/ltr]
[ltr]Is the knowledge of the group consisting phenomena of economic activity for man in any community activity own production and distribution products necessary for the living members of the community and services.[/ltr]
[ltr]1. The content of the economic activities and events:[/ltr]
[ltr]Teaches economic history of the communities that the economic activities of the individual was and still is always directed towards the subordination of nature surrounding it, as well as some Akhzaa means to help him against Alnzal factor "scarcity" circulating in the community and build a balanced economy to achieve prosperity and material progress powers[/ltr]
[ltr]This plays into the desire of the man to meet the multiple needs and emerging constantly and process Alascaa those linked to the consumption of materials or services desired by the man but the material consumption will not be without extracted from nature and then converted to become unfit for consumption and that is the production process, as he could not produce alone everything so we see the exchange of goods with demanding individuals in exchange for other goods[/ltr]
[ltr]A production process[/ltr]
[ltr]• Mazad is human nature to counter them and unreliable without reaction from his side[/ltr]
[ltr]• Human his belongings (food / clothing housing) can not be satisfied, but of the same heading of nature or natural Bhaladtha after conversion to get Maahba belongings through my mind and muscle effort in order to maintain its survival.[/ltr]
[ltr]• The rights to produce material for the survival of the crisis through the conscious activity of it[/ltr]
[ltr]So the production process is to coordinate the process of production for each ordinary elements in order to obtain materials or services valid response to a particular situation.[/ltr]




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