/ Balances News / published research on public administration

[ltr]/ Balances News / published research on public administration[/ltr]

 Since 03/02/2017 13:08 pm (Baghdad time)
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[ltr]Baghdad balances News[/ltr]
[ltr]Researcher: Majed Mohammed Ali al - Moussawi[/ltr]
[ltr]The importance of administration[/ltr]
[ltr]Characteristic of human life at ease and in complexity and in the beginning and in the offered composition of the various groups to control the environment in which human lives due to the energies and possibilities, Ltd. was the man live his life primitive easy between tribal members relied upon in the psyche of protection against attacks Alaade, as if the chief of the tribe is responsible by the discharge of its own affairs, and distribution of business among its members, and conflict resolution, and decision-making regarding the benefit for everyone, which is so practiced a form of administration.[/ltr]
[ltr]Man since ancient times lived with groups is a civilian nature does not like that Aabh isolated from the people's administration is an important way of doing something the group and the individual toward its goals, as well as the task of running the organization towards achieving its objectives are applied management within the organization, whether large or small, commercial or industrial sports or military.[/ltr]
[ltr]In spite of the presence of a few organizations that have achieved success without an effective administration, but this does not mean that the progress of civilization without the administration's efforts.[/ltr]
[ltr]0 administration social process: any group of people working together to achieve one common goal.[/ltr]
[ltr]0 resources that deal with the administration: human and material resources such as raw materials, machinery and money.[/ltr]
[ltr]0 Planning: predicting the future and preparing for it.[/ltr]
[ltr]0 regulation: how to distribute responsibilities and tasks to individuals working in the enterprise 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 guidance guidance individuals in the appropriate directions activities to achieve the desired goals[/ltr]
[ltr]0 control: making sure that the implementation is on the basis of the plan and if any deviation must be adjusted 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 Target: Target is required accessible 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Enough: to reach the goal with less effort and less cost and faster time 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Effectiveness: access to the best quality of the product, whether a good or service 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration art and science[/ltr]
[ltr]___________[/ltr]
[ltr]Spins great controversy between men thought about the nature of the administrative department, Lahi science or art or science and art together? The science of management: I mean, it depends on the scientific method when observing the administrative problems, analyze, interpret and draw conclusions can be generalized 0[/ltr]
[ltr]The science of management: principles and have any rules, schools and theories of administrative work as controllers that the application of these principles and theories lead to specific results 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration art: that any manager needs to experience, skill and intelligence in the exercise of his work and dealing with the human element for inducing a regulatory goals because not everyone who studied the administration is able to be applied 0 art of management is the ability to apply the administration in various fields 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration art and science together: all of the above, it can be said that the administration art and science together Valadarei must rely on administrative books and theories as well as practical experience that are not sung by 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Administrative qualities that should be enjoyed by the administrative:[/ltr]
[ltr]0 honesty, justice and sincerity to work 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 recipes mental and intellectual, that is, a measure of intelligence 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 recipes bodily even bear the burden of work 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 recipes art should be familiar with any specialization, which employs 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 cultural qualities so be familiar with the other sciences 0[/ltr]
[ltr]0 humanitarian qualities through which to deal with the human element 0[/ltr]
[ltr]Other administration and science[/ltr]

•      Management and Economics
  
  

[ltr]The aim of economics is the utilization of human and material resources utmost to satisfy humanitarian needs and to meet this goal with the goal of optimal utilization of resources. It must be the administrator should be familiar with the theories of the economy so that it can solve the economic problems it faces.[/ltr]

• Management and Sociology
  
  

[ltr]Cares sociology study groups in terms of origins and evolution, composition and evolution of the relations, it Alzerora be mastered administrative principles of sociology, where the institution is considered a community or a small study sociology help manage and deal with them in groups. It also helps to create based on friendship and respect among all social atmosphere.[/ltr]

• Management and Psychology
  
  

[ltr]Psychology is interested in the behavior of the individual and the factors that affect it so the administrative must study this science to be able to motivate and encourage and pay and dealing with employees and customers with the project. So the benefit of the institution.[/ltr]

• Management of natural and mathematical sciences
  
  

[ltr]Includes natural sciences, physics, chemistry, statistics and mathematics One manifestation of the relationship between the natural sciences and management science emergence of the so-called research operations Operation Research, a sports science physicist economic help manager to reach rational decisions so it helps knowledge of statistics and probability theory and mathematical models manager to reach rational decisions.[/ltr]
[ltr]They should also be familiar with the knowledge of administrative law, the government knows about the direction of economic projects and political science and ethics, history and geography of running the institution.[/ltr]

•      Principles of administration
  
  

[ltr]There are many schools that put the principles and foundations of the administration and that was the most important:[/ltr]
[ltr]Classical school administration in the classical school[/ltr]
[ltr]Include the classical school[/ltr]
[ltr]- Scientific management[/ltr]
[ltr]- Bureaucratic administration[/ltr]
[ltr]Scientific management[/ltr]
[ltr]Months of this school scientists Frederick Taylor (Fredrik tylor) and Henry Fayol (henri fayol) and Henry Gantt (henri gant) and Frank and Lillian Gilbert Oliver Sheldon Mooney Riley and Endaul Warwick.[/ltr]

[ltr]Taylor principles[/ltr]
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[*]Bring scientific methods instead of the primitive ways in which the bug estimation and guesswork.

[*]The selection and training of personnel scientifically valid

[*]Cooperation with the administration working to implement the required business rather than conflict

[*]Just to work between management and workers split, so that the administration holds the planning and organization of the business

[*]Separation of planning work for the implementation work so that everyone that doing his duty high enough

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[ltr]The criticism directed to Taylor:[/ltr]
[ltr]The world's ideas of Taylor received a lot of criticism for the following reasons:[/ltr]
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[*]He counted many Tzer the welfare of workers and abolish the personal factor and make it work like a machine, and therefore less important factor within the organization

[*]Taylor was limited study of small bug plant level (workshop)

[*]Taylor's ideas led to the kind of war between workers and employers

[*]Taylor proposed by way of incentives that lead to the punishment of working slowly and entice factor really tired himself in exchange for wages without regard to health aspects

[*]Opposed by factory owners who have horses, it gives them new rights for workers do not deserve it

[*]Taylor met with stiff opposition ideas as she poses ideas and new ways in the administration are not used by the factory owners, but rather that the traditional methods of administration served as the customs and traditions of a fixed unchangeable.

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[ltr]Fayol principles:[/ltr]
[ltr]Henry Fayol is the real father of the principles of modern management, has made Fayol dividing the activities of the institution in his book (General and Industrial Management) into six groups:[/ltr]
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[*]Artistic activities / production, processing

[*]Trade / swap purchase sales activities.

[*]Financial Services / Search and optimal use of capital activities.

[*]Nchatataat prevention and security / protection of people and property and to maintain safety in the organization.

[*]Accounting activities / include registration of accounts and settings of your budget and find out the costs and work statistics.

[*]Management / planning, organizing, ordering, coordination and control activities.

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[ltr]Fayol focused on administrative activity, and that the importance of the administrative activity stem from which it related to the prediction, it is also distinct from the rest other activities. Fayol was presented in writing to the three main topics, namely:[/ltr]
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[*]Administrative DETAILS

[*]General principles of administration

[*]Elements administration

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[ltr]Dari DETAILS[/ltr]
[ltr]Qualities that must be provided by the managers:[/ltr]
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[*]Physical qualities: health, strength and activity

[*]Mental qualities: the ability to understanding and comprehension and achievement and good conduct and judgment on the stuff.

[*]Congenital qualities: vitality and firmness, the desire to take responsibility, loyalty and innovation, prestige

[*]General culture or educational qualities: knowledge of information to work directly Ataatsal played Director

[*]Technical qualities: familiarity with information on the function of Director

[*]Recipes related experience: qualities arise as a result of doing work

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[ltr]Management principles when Fayol:[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of division of labor

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[ltr]A principle which would entail specialization, which promise Economists key factor to raise the efficiency of workers as it leads to the estimated increase and increases the confidence factor himself[/ltr]
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[*]Authority and responsibility:

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[ltr]Here, authority and responsibility are linked, Responsibility Authority and give rise to. The power is a combination of official authority from the Director of the center, personal power, which consists of intelligence experience, and moral values.[/ltr]
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[*]the system :

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[ltr]It is to respect the agreements and regulations and without prejudice to the orders, and this principle requires the presence of heads of mighty in all levels of management[/ltr]
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[*]Unit issue orders:

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[ltr]And here it must be barking orders from the President or one supervisor so as not to contradict the instructions and orders with each other[/ltr]
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[*]Principle of unity of direction:

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[ltr]According to this principle, all the range of activities with the same objective must be affiliated to one president, and this principle is different from the principle of the unity of the matter in that it applies to the institution's operations and activities while applies the principle of issuing orders on personnel.[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of subordination of self-interest and the public interest:

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[ltr]When any interest contrary to the character of the individual worker to the public interest must undergo self-interest and the public interest[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of reward and compensation:

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[ltr]Individuals of any compensation, fair compensation, both in their wages, or by using bonuses or profit in the division or other benefits in kind so that it achieves satisfaction of both employees and employers[/ltr]
[list=8]
[*]Central principle

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[ltr]Under the concentration of power in a particular person and then mandate as circumstances warranted.[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of authority include:

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[ltr]Any power sequence from the top and down the ranks, so that the size of less power as we head to the bottom of the pyramid administrative, and this is essential to secure the unity issue orders in the organization.[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of arrangement and order:

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[ltr]In other words, there is a certain place for everything or a specific place for each person must also be everything and everyone will be in its place.[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of equality:

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[ltr]Any non-discrimination presidents in their treatment of subordinates, where presidents get the loyalty of users by equality and justice[/ltr]


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[*]The principle of stability in the work:

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[ltr]It means: to maintain the continuation of workers with high productivity in the organization for a long time because the search for new workers consequent Add in terms of effort, time and money[/ltr]
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[*]The principle of initiative

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[ltr]The presidents find the principle of initiative and innovation among their subordinates or in other words the presidents to encourage subordinates to renewed thinking and innovation[/ltr]
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[*]Cooperat :

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[ltr]This means Zerorh work in a spirit or a team from Union force logo.[/ltr]

[ltr]Administration items when Fayol[/ltr]
[ltr]Ahmm type of Fayol: (elements of the administration) and counted and administration functions, and sees that the elements of the administration Fayol five:[/ltr]
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[*]Planning

[*]Organization

[*]Issue orders

[*]Coordination

[*]Censorship

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[ltr]It is intended Fayol planning forecasting and the development of plans of any plan of action to determine the time and the desired results and the road that must be followed, and action steps and ways of working[/ltr]

[ltr]Position the initial planning[/ltr]
[ltr]Often Mayad planning the first position of the administration functions are the base upon which the administrative functions and other planning is an ongoing process include defining the way things are going to answer questions such as what to do and doing and where and when and how by planning can greatly Director to determine the necessary regulatory activities to achieve the goals concept of the general planning of answering four questions are:[/ltr]
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[*]What we want to do

[*]Where are we from that goal now

[*]What are the factors that will help us or Staiguena for achieving the goal?

[*]What are the alternatives available to us to achieve the goal ? And what is the best alternative?

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[ltr]Through planning will determine the ways things are going to be made by individuals, departments and the organization as a whole for two days, and months, and even years to come. Planning to achieve this output by:[/ltr]

[ltr]Determine the resources required:[/ltr]

• Deviate the number and type of staff (technicians, supervisors, managers) wanted
  
  
• Development environment base by regulatory actions that must be performed (organizational structure)
  
  
• Determining standard levels at each stage and therefore can measure the extent to which we achieve the goals we can make timely adjustments.
  
  

[ltr]Planning can be classified according to the intention or the breadth to three different categories called[/ltr]
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[*]Strategic planning: the overall objectives of the organization determines

[*]Tactical planning: a primary interest in the implementation of strategic plans at the level of middle management

[*]Executive Planning: focuses on the planning needs to accomplish the specific responsibilities of the directors of sections or departments

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[ltr]The three planning types:[/ltr]

• Strategic Planning
  
  

[ltr]Interested in public affairs of the institution as a whole and begin strategic planning and directed by the highest administrative level but for all levels of management must be involved in order to operate. The highly strategic planning are:[/ltr]
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[*]Find a long-term general plan identifying the tasks and responsibilities of the institution as a whole

[*]Find multiple levels of participation in the planning process

[*]The development of the institution in terms of sub-units corrupted plans with each other.

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[ltr]Tactical planning:[/ltr]
[ltr]Tactical planning focuses on the implementation of specific activities in the strategic plans of these plans are interested in what you should be doing each unit from the lower level, and how to do it, and will be responsible for completion. Altaatkteka planning is absolutely necessary to achieve a long-time strategic planning of these plans over the shorter of the strategic planning as it focused on the nearby activities that must be accomplished to achieve Strategies Corporation.[/ltr]

• Operational planning:
  
  

[ltr]Executive Director of Planning is used to accomplish the tasks and responsibilities of work and can be used once or several times with a single-use plans apply to activities that are repeated. As an example of single-use plans for the budget plan . As examples of ongoing plans to use it plans policies and procedures .[/ltr]

• Steps for setting up operational plans
  
  

[ltr]The first step: setting future goals[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Two: Analysis and Environmental Assessment: analysis of the current situation and available resources to achieve the goals[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Three: Identify alternatives: building a list of possibilities for the conduct of activities that will lead you toward your goals[/ltr]
[ltr]Dues IV: Evaluation of alternatives: make a list of the advantages of Bnoua defects for every eventuality the likelihood of the conduct of activities.[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Five: Choose the best solution to choose the highest probability advantages and disadvantages less effective.[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Six: Implementation of the plan will ensure the implementation of determining what resources are given to him and how it will assess the plan, and reporting instructions[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Seven: Monitor and evaluate the results: make sure that the plan is going like what is expected it and make adjustments necessary[/ltr]

• The second function: regulation:
  
  

[ltr]In his description of the element organization Fayol says the organization shows the relationships between activities and the authorities ((Warren Blunkett)) and ((Raymond Atner)) norm in their book Introduction administration and regulation function as the integration of human and material resources through a formal structure of the process shows the functions and powers.[/ltr]

[ltr]There are four distinct activities in the organization:[/ltr]
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[*]Define work activities that must be accomplished to achieve the goals

[*]Classification of the types of work required and the working groups to the work of the administrative units

[*]Delegating work to other people and giving them an appropriate amount of power

[*]The design of decision-making levels

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[ltr]The final outcome of the process of the organization in the organization: All units composing the (system) is working in harmony to perform the tasks to achieve the goals efficiently and effectively[/ltr]

[ltr]Importance of the regulation:[/ltr]
[ltr]The regulatory process will make the achievement of very specific institution earlier in the planning process it possible addition, it adds other advantages[/ltr]
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[*]Clarify the work environment: Everyone should know what to do. The tasks and responsibilities assigned to each individual, management and overall organizational division must be clear and the quality of Lahoud and the authorities must be specific

[*]Coordination of the work environment: chaos must be at the lowest level and must work to remove obstacles and links between the different business units must be grown and evolved as the instructions concerning the interaction between the staff should know

[*]The formal structure of decision-making: official relations between superior and subordinate the president must be developed through the organizational structure that will allow transmission of orders in an orderly manner through the decision-making levels

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[ltr]He adds (Blunkett) and (Atner) that the application of the regulatory process will be able to improve the administration of the possibility of completing business functions[/ltr]

[ltr]The five steps in the regulatory process:[/ltr]
[ltr]The first step: to respect the plans and goals:[/ltr]

[ltr]Plans dictate to the institution purpose and activities, which should seek to accomplish is possible to create new departments or give new responsibilities to some of the old departments as possible to cancel some departments also new relationships that may arise between the levels of decision-making The organization established the new structure of relations and restricts the established relations now[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Two: Identify the activities necessary to Angasalahdav:[/ltr]
[ltr]Determine the activities necessary to achieve organizational goals specified where it should compile a list of tasks to be performed from continuing Macs (which is repeated several times) and the end of the tasks performed once[/ltr]
[ltr]Step Three: halving the activities:[/ltr]
[ltr]Where managers are required to complete three operations[/ltr]
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[*]Examination of all the activity was determined to find out the nature of (the production of marketing .... etc.)

[*]The development of activities in groups based on these relationships

[*]Start racing design of the essential parts of the organizational structure

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[ltr]Step Four: delegating work and authorities:[/ltr]
[ltr]The concept of quotas as a base for this step is the continued organizational work began in the departments, nature, end, tasks, and the administration's performance must specify the basis for the authority of this step is important at the beginning and during the regulatory process[/ltr]

[ltr]Step five: the design of the levels of relations[/ltr]
[ltr]This step determines the vertical and lateral relations (horizontal) in the institution as a whole horizontal structure shows who is responsible for each task either vertical structure who shall Baaltala[/ltr]
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[*]Known work between the departments of labor relations

[*]It makes the final decision under control

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[ltr]Third Position: Employment[/ltr]
[ltr]People belonging to the institution are the most important supplier of all other resources such human resources obtained by the organization through recruitment organization claim to identify and attract and maintain qualified staff to fill vacant positions where through employment .altoziv begin human resources planning and selection of staff and continues throughout their existence Corporation[/ltr]
[ltr]It can indicate employment as a composed process of eight tasks are designed to provide the institution with the right people in the right positions these eight steps include: human resource planning, staffing, selection, definition of the organization, training and development, performance appraisal, rewards and promotions and lower grades and transport, and termination and is you know every one of these eight tasks as follows[/ltr]

[ltr]Fourth Position: guidance[/ltr]
[ltr]Once you have completed the drafting of the organization's plans and build its organizational structure and hiring employees, the next step in the administrative process is to direct people towards the achievement of organizational goals in this administrative function shall be the duty manager to achieve the goals of the organization through guidance and motivation of subordinates.[/ltr]
[ltr]The routing function is sometimes referred to as a stimulus or leadership, counseling or human relationships of these reasons is the career guidance most important administrative lowest level because it simply place most workers focus in the organization and if he wants a Achks be honorable or effective by the director to be a leader[/ltr]
[ltr]Guidance variables:[/ltr]
[ltr]Based guidance to subordinates will focus on leadership style (authoritarian, democratic, non-restrictive *) and the method of decision-making, there are many variables that will intervene in this decision about how to direct subordinates, such as the extent of the steps the situation pattern of leadership to motivate subordinates and others besides, the commander Mojkh for others it [/ltr]
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[*]Know all the facts about the case

[*]Think of the impact of important decisions

[*]Taking into account the human element in decision-making

[*]Make sure that this decision we have taken is the right decision taken by the

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[ltr]For the person who directs the activities of others, it also[/ltr]
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[*]Authorize the initial tasks for all employees

[*]To make the orders are clear and concise

[*]Follow-up every person who has been delegated and give orders, Ltd., whether written or oral

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[ltr]With regard to the process guiding Nord Miley[/ltr]
[ltr]Proposals on routing process:[/ltr]
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[*]Directives not to make a dispute for power and trying to focus the attention of the manager and staff interest in the idea of ​​the goal to be achieved is to imagine that this situation, which is required under orders not based on Hui Director.

[*]Not to resort to tactics that coarse and for their staff to take the instruction seriously

[*]Attention to the words that become conductive untrusted ideas also have to be tone of voice control. Most people accept the fact that the work supervisor to issue orders, instructions and their opposition to these orders on the way in which this matter issued.

[*]Not be assumed that employees understand and give the staff a chance to ask questions and debate the goals and give them the opportunity to understand Acdo a mixture of repeat what has been said

[*]Make sure to get feedback right way and give employees who want to object to the tasks and jobs so at a time when the tasks are delegated it to them to know that the opposition control and misunderstandings before work began better than waiting for after

[*]Not to give a lot of orders and extra information on the extent that it sees as a disincentive for workers and make your brief, direct and wait until workers from the first work by the end that the demand of them start racing in the second action

[*]Give important details only for the assistants ancients where does what Adjarham more than listening to the details known

[*]Attention to conflicting instructions and make sure to tell the staff ordered Mabinma supervisors neighboring departments tell their employees that is opposed to it

[*]Not ready factor of choice, making sure not to load the beneficiary more than its capacity, and also be sure to give people hard and ordained leadership is hard work as well

[*]Try not to single out any person would be inappropriate to punish the person instructed to foul, and the task of trying to minimize this as much as possible

[*]It is important in all this not playing major new supervisors shot

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[ltr]-aladarh Social process: any group of people working together to achieve one common goal.[/ltr]
[ltr]-moard Dealing Maha administration: human and material resources such as crude, machinery and money.[/ltr]
[ltr]-altakotait: Predicting the future and preparing for it.[/ltr]
[ltr]-altnzim: How to distribute responsibilities and tasks to individuals working in the organization.[/ltr]
[ltr]-altoger: Mentoring individuals in the appropriate directions activities to achieve the desired goals.[/ltr]
[ltr]-alrkabh: Make sure that the implementation is on the basis of the plan and if any deviation should be amended.[/ltr]
[ltr]-agv: Target required to reach them.[/ltr]
[ltr]-alkvaih: To reach the goal with minimal effort and less cost and fastest time,[/ltr]
[ltr]-alvaalah: Access to the best quality of the product, whether a good or service.[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration art or science[/ltr]
[ltr]It spins great controversy between men thought about the nature of the administrative department Lahi science or art or science and art together.[/ltr]
[ltr]The science of management: I mean, it depends on the scientific method when NOTE administrative problems, analyze, interpret and draw conclusions can be generalized.[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration learned: Which has the principles and rules, schools and theories of administrative work and control the application of these theories Alambai and lead to concrete results.[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration art: that any manager needs to experience, skill and intelligence in the exercise of his work and Tae_mlh with the human element for inducing a regulatory goals because both he studied management science is able to apply it is not the art of the administration the ability to apply management in various fields.[/ltr]
[ltr]Administration art and science together: all of the above can be said that the administration art and science together Valadarei must rely on administrative books and theories as well as practical experience are indispensable.[/ltr]
[ltr]Administrative qualities that should be enjoyed by the administrative:[/ltr]
[ltr]-alamanh, Justice and dedication to work.[/ltr]
[ltr]-cefat Mental and intellectual, that is, to be a measure of intelligence.[/ltr]
[ltr]-cefat Bodily even bear the burden of work.[/ltr]
[ltr]-cefat Technical: Which should be familiar with specialization where he works.[/ltr]
[ltr]-cefat Cultural: to be familiar with the other sciences.[/ltr]
[ltr]-cefat Humanity: through which to deal with the human element.[/ltr]
[ltr]Other administration and science[/ltr]
[ltr]-aladarh And economics[/ltr]
[ltr]The aim of economics is Asglal human and material resources with the utmost to satisfy humanitarian needs and to meet this goal with the goal of optimal utilization of resources. It must be the administrator should be familiar with the theories of the economy so that it can solve the economic problems that orientation.[/ltr]
[ltr]-aladarh And Sociology[/ltr]
[ltr]Cares sociology study groups in terms of origins and evolution, composition and development of relations with .fmn necessary to Whelan administrative principles of sociology, where the institution is considered a community small and the study of sociology help manage and deal with in the groups also help to create based on friendship and respect among all social atmosphere .[/ltr]
[ltr]Management and Psychology[/ltr]
[ltr]Psychology is interested in the behavior of the individual and the factors that affect it so the administrative must study this science to be able to motivate and encourage and pay and dealing with employees and customers with the project and that the benefit of the institution.[/ltr]


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