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Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality

Welcome to the Neno's Place!

Neno's Place Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality


Neno

I can be reached by phone or text 8am-7pm cst 972-768-9772 or, once joining the board I can be reached by a (PM) Private Message.

Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality

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    Why is water injected into the oil fields?

    Rocky
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    • Post n°1

    Why is water injected into the oil fields? Empty Why is water injected into the oil fields?

    Post by Rocky Thu 15 Dec 2022, 5:32 am

    Why is water injected into the oil fields?

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    Ghanem Al-Anaz
    When producing oil and associated gas from new oil fields, the production wells are at the peak of their activity and production capacity, and the pressure in the oil reservoir or reservoir is also at its peak. With the continuation of production from the reservoir, the pressure in it decreases, which reduces the production capacity of the oil wells due to the decrease in the flow of oil to the bottom of those wells from the surrounding areas, which requires drilling other wells in new areas of the field.
    And with the continuation of the production of oil and associated gas from the field, the pressure in the oil reservoir continues to decrease, which constitutes the necessary force to push the oil to the top of the well, which requires finding other ways to compensate for the lost pressure in order to keep the pressure in the reservoir stable and thus sustain production from the reservoir as smoothly as possible.
    So what are those methods and methods used to maintain the pressure in the reservoir and the continuity of production?
    Injection of water or gases
    There are various ways to sustain oil production, the most important of which is the injection of water, natural gas, or other gases such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
    The injection of water or gas helps to keep the pressure in the reservoir stable and also helps to displace and push the oil that is on its way to the nearby production wells and from there to the production equipment on the surface of the earth, as shown in the figure below.
    Injecting water or gas into the oil reservoir to maintain pressure and thus continue production
    Use of surface or submersible pumps
    With the passage of time and the continuation of production, the process of pumping water becomes useless on its own, so it is reinforced to sustain production through suction pumps that are installed at the top of the well (as shown in the figure above) or by submersible electric pumps that are lowered to the bottom of the well (as shown in the figure below) .
    A submersible electric oil pump is installed at the bottom of the well
    Let us take the Kirkuk field as an example of injecting gas first and replacing it with water injection later, and let us take the Ain Zala field as an example of injecting water first and then enhancing that through the use of submersible electric pumps later.
    Kirkuk field
    Gas injection first and water injection later
    This field was discovered, which extends from the north of the Little Zab River, to continue towards the southwest, passing through the city of Kirkuk, to end in the southwest, with a length of 105 km and a width of 3.2 km, on October 13, 1927, whose oil reservoir is located at a depth of approximately 700 meters.
    Oil production during the first twenty years of the field's life was extracted automatically under the pressure of the reservoir itself. With the increase in production rates from 80,000 barrels per day in the thirties to nearly 700,000 barrels per day in the mid-fifties of the last century, there was a decrease in the reservoir pressure estimated at about 260 pounds per square inch, which required treatment in 1957 by pumping gas into the reservoir from the adjacent Bay Hassan field To prevent additional depressions from occurring in the reservoir. However, gas injection was a temporary remedy until it was replaced by continuous water injection.
    Therefore, it was decided to start implementing the water injection project on the Little Zab River with a capacity of one million barrels per day, which is equal to the planned field production capacity, which was completed and operated in December 1961.
    The project has been very successful in preventing any further decreases in reservoir pressure. Over the years, it has reduced the original reservoir pressure drop from 260 pounds per square inch to about 185 pounds per square inch in the mid-1970s.
    A section of the Kirkuk field showing the layers of oil in black
    Installations of the water injection project in the Kirkuk field
    The realization of the project required the completion of the following facilities:
    Preparing five wells to inject water into the reservoir.
    - Construction of a pumping station on the Zab River containing seven huge electric pumping units to draw water from the river and pump it to filtration tanks.
    Extending a pipeline of 20 knots in diameter from each of the river pumping units to the filtration tanks.
    - Construction of six water treatment tanks with a diameter of 100 feet, a height of 20 feet, and a capacity of 200,000 barrels per day each.
    Filter tanks and sand filters for water injection project
    - Construction of 60 horizontal containers, each containing fine sand, to filter the water coming from the treatment tanks.
    - Construction of a pumping station to inject pure water into injection wells, containing three turbine pumping units, each with a capacity of 6,000 horsepower, capable of pumping 10,000 gallons per minute.
    Extending five pipelines with a diameter of 20 knots from the turbine pumping station to the five injection wells to inject water into the oil reservoir.
    - Extending a pipeline to transport gas from the southern Bey Hassan station to fuel the turbine units.
    - Construction of a central control room for the project.
    To the best of my knowledge, the project is still working efficiently to this day, so God bless you and those who worked and will work on it.
    Turbine water injection units
    Ain Zala field
    Inject water first and add submersible electric pumps later
    The Ain Zala field was discovered in 1939, and its upper reservoir is located at a depth of 1,600 meters below the surface of the earth. As for Ain Zala oil, it is heavier than Kirkuk oil and contains 3% of sulfur.
    A section of the Ain Zala reservoir
    Black color shows oil rocks
    The development of this field was delayed due to the continuation of World War II for several years, to start developing it in the late forties of the last century, to start producing oil from it in 1951, as its maximum production capacity reached 25,000 barrels per day, which is very low production compared to other Iraqi fields.
    Production from this field, after several years of its production, stabilized at a rate ranging between 18,000 to 19,000 barrels per day to guarantee, in conjunction with the production of the adjacent Batma field, which has a rate of more than 20,000 barrels per day, equivalent to one million tons annually, which is the minimum required to be exported according to the oil agreement signed between Mosul Oil Company and the Iraqi government. 
    Oil production in the first years of the field's life was extracted automatically under the pressure of the reservoir itself, which began to gradually decrease, which required preserving it by injecting water in the first place.
    The water injection equipment included the establishment of a station to draw water from the Tigris River near the city of Zummar and pump it to Ain Zala, where the water is filtered and then pumped to the wells for injection into the oil reservoir.
    With the passage of time, the water injection process became insufficient on its own to continue production with the required energy, which required the use of submersible electric pumps to maintain production.
    Production continued despite the low production rates until the criminal ISIS forces seized the field in 2014. 
     

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    Added 12/15/2022 - 11:17 AM
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