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Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality

Welcome to the Neno's Place!

Neno's Place Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality


Neno

I can be reached by phone or text 8am-7pm cst 972-768-9772 or, once joining the board I can be reached by a (PM) Private Message.

Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality

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Established in 2006 as a Community of Reality

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    The demise of the era of tyrants .. end of tyranny as we know it in the contemporary Middle East |2

    Rocky
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    The demise of the era of tyrants .. end of tyranny as we know it in the contemporary Middle East |2 Empty The demise of the era of tyrants .. end of tyranny as we know it in the contemporary Middle East |2

    Post by Rocky Sun 03 Jul 2016, 3:40 am

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    The demise of the era of tyrants .. end of tyranny as we know it in the contemporary Middle East |2 - 3 |


    Eric Davis  Translation: Ahmed al-Zubaidi 

    Ideology 
    can no longer authoritarian regimes that rely on unspoken social contract that was able to established when seized power for the first time. In return for the promise of economic future content and the rule of law and order, give citizens, especially the children of the middle classes educated, personal freedoms, especially freedom of expression, but that did not materialize, the economic development stopped, and the rampant corruption and nepotism in the state apparatus has become clearly visible, and found authoritarian states more difficulties in forcing citizens to behave in ways that are contrary to their wishes.
    The secular regimes, which were often led by former army officers who were promoting the idea ofparticipating countries , which denies the existence of social differences and make the whole subject to theideology of "revolutionary" all- out audiences, it has undermined its ideological turn. By the eighties of thetwentieth century, the revolutionary slogans of Arab nationalism, and some new applications , such as theAlgerian socialism, failed to fulfill its promises to achieve the "unity, freedom and socialism." And it became anationalized industries burden on the national economy and the construction inspired by the Soviet experience of heavy industry plants experience which proved inefficient in achieving economic growth failed. 
    After the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1967 war between the Arabs and Israel, it was a reaction dictatorships secularism is resorting to religious discourse on hoping to rescue the legitimacy that took retreat.This process began with Anwar Sadat 's efforts to undermine the tendency leftist Gamal Abdel Nasser (Nasiriyah system) as he dispensed with the United Arab Republic name, and re - name the Republic of Egypt again, and called for the establishment of built state on "science and faith. This trend continued with thetransformation Saddam Hussein to "religion" after the start of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980 when itbecame clear that the kidnapper victory over Iran , which had expected did not materialize on the ground. 
    to understand the evolution of the ideological vacuum that began during the seventies, and the acceleration in my contract eighties and nineties, it does not require an analysis of all of the rise of the Islamists, whether in the form of groups like the Muslim Brotherhood or extremist groups Islamic, but must focus on the economy as well. the 
    Middle East has identified three forms of ideologies and political organizations since 1916 , when he was signing the Sykes - Picot Treaty and following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. the first form of ideologies, is the "systems" of liberalism imposed on the region by the British colonialism and the French after World war I, which were not as bad as authoritarian regimes that came later claimed. 
    during the period of the monarchy in Egypt, Iraq, For example, there was a degree of urbanization and civic landmarks public life included a wide - ranging, including the urban rich culture marked by the presence ofcafes and forums literature, and the spread of the press and the multiplicity of literary production under therelatively limited oversight by the state, and the presence of religious and cultural diversity , which saw co -existence of different sects and ethnic groups side by side in relative harmony. Although for some manipulation of the election results in favor of the minority was covet power, but constituencies many in several cities have not experienced Tsoaraly large - scale operations and elections were held in fairly well. 
    The authoritarian regimes that took gradually prevail throughout the Middle East after World War II represent largely a reaction to the inability of the political and economic elites in the years before the war to address thegrowing social problems. Waves of migration wide of the countryside has contributed to the cities during thefirst half of the twentieth century, and the lack of job opportunities, increasing political participation of thesons of the middle and lower classes, to spread unrest in the cities (Can Cairo Fire seen in 1952 is anexample of this), and the like that end systems . " liberal "formed by colonialism. 
    provided dictatorial regimes that formed in the post - World war II period, such as those seized power under the Syrian army 's care, and the Egyptian and Iraqi and Yemen, and Libya, along with the National Liberation Front in Algeria, presented to its citizens a new social contract barters personal freedoms , security andmaterial well - being. . 
     Education will from now free, and government jobs for people with university degrees would be guaranteed, and government support for food will protect the poor will be the elimination of Western imperialism through nationalization Alojunbah.ouma assets that monarchies , which calls for freedom economic, and awarded more personal freedoms to the members of the middle and upper class in society are still going to rule in Jordan and Morocco, but in other places has become one of the past. 
    the measurement standards in the ideology adopted by the military dictatorships polarizing (or against). Vtm the division of political and social groups, into two "reactionaries" and "revolutionaries." With the exception ofLebanon, which was built on a sectarian state, the diversity in the Arab world has been classified either under the category of "Aerobion" or "revolutionaries." I went political pluralism unheeded, as is the case with thequalities of tolerance and respect for different ethnic characteristics, and the diversity of religions and cultures which characterized the regimes "liberal" in the era between the wars. 
    The problem with the ideological discourse of the regimes in the Middle East after 1945 Hoadm ability to fulfill his promises to achieve material well - being. The public sector , which was founded after the nationalization of foreign companies was not effective. The available fertile ground for the spread of nepotism and corruption. In short, these systems have not been able to maintain economic growth reasonable in the face ofpopulation increases, especially among young people, who did not get on the economic future of the content - The functions of the stable and the entry 
    with the seventies solutions, economic constraints have led to the Egyptian regime to that of President Anwar Sadat announces the so - called policy of economic openness as other authoritarian regimes have dealt with the problem of economic recession less dramatic manner. However, both the Syrian Baath and Saddam Hussein 's regime also began the process of "liberalization" of the economy. Only the Algerian regime is of theleft stick to the Soviet model failed development, which led to the migration of a wide range of its citizens abroad, especially to France, because of the lack of job opportunities. 
    It was this development represents a retreat from the economic promises contained in the social contract.This led to that of Egypt's in 1977, when riots support commodity state lowered in an attempt to get the IMF loan. The riots the beginning of the foundations of peaceful protests by the Tunisians, Egyptians and Syrians at a later date and that paved When he learned later the Arab Spring uprising. 
    During the seventies, Syria began its economic policy known as the "open door." And it has made ​​extensive efforts to try to give the economy more dynamic, and ensure that the efforts made ​​by the Alawite sect ,which was dominated by the Baath regime to create strong relationships with the families of the Muslim Sunni merchants in Damascus and Aleppo. In Iraq, the Eighth Regional Conference of the Baath Arab Socialist Party , which was held in 1974 , has moved away from the anti-imperialist rhetoric and put the economy on a more traditional foundations dramatically, although the state still controls it. It was dispensed collective and state farms and has invited foreign capital to invest, for example, has invited the US Bechtel and Kryoussot-Loire French companies, to assist in the investment of oil wealth resources of the process to establish a national industry. Of 
    course, the ideology in the Middle District East does not belong to secular nationalism. Islamic powers arealways ready to exploit the political areas that failed by secular nationalism. Those were the many similarities with the nationalist movements in reliance on the holistic thinking and polarizing force. In shorthand solve all problems by repeated the prescription: "Islam is the solution" and dividing the world into "believers" and "non - believers", or even worse, "apostates" and did not Islamists offers better ways to solve the pressing problems that were facing the Middle East and its nationalism. 
    in the countries that were Muslim par excellence, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran (writer Olivier Roy hasproved in his book: " the failure of political Islam , " the constitution of this republic is derived largely from theFrench constitutional model, and not from Islamic law), the simple slogans such as "death Great Satan "has done little to improve living standards for most Iranians. Instead, the ruling elite in a lot of the corruption that marked the Islamic republic has produced, and practiced repression, especially against young people, intellectuals, and , until recently, this has led to the isolation of Iran as a pariah state. 
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