Because of the policies of Turkey and Iran to seize water resources.. Iraq in 2040 without rivers

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[size=52]Because of the policies of Turkey and Iran to seize water resources.. Iraq in 2040 without rivers[/size]

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[size=45][You must be registered and logged in to see this image.]Iraq is going through one of its worst water crises, and the country is on the verge of desertification after lakes: Sawa and Hamrin have already dried up, the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates have become scarce, and the levels of salt and pollution in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab have risen, as a result of the policies practiced by Turkey, primarily because of the dams it built on The Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

It is worth noting that the water file is witnessing tension between the three countries: Turkey, Syria and Iraq, and the latter strongly opposed the construction of the last large Turkish dam, the Ilisu Dam, as part of the Southeast Anatolia Project, on the Tigris River.[/size]
[size=45]According to the forecasts of the "Water Stress Index", Iraq will be a land without rivers by 2040, and the two great rivers will not reach the final estuary in the Arabian Gulf. In the south, the Tigris River turned into a watercourse with limited resources.[/size]
[size=45]Tigris and Euphrates

, and due to the presence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Iraq was considered one of the countries rich in its water resources until the seventies of the last century. back down. This situation has caused more attention to the water shares of each riparian country in the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers because of its significant impact on the national security and development strategies of these countries.[/size]
[size=45]The Tigris River originates in southeastern Turkey with a length of 1,718 km. It is considered the second longest river in southwest Asia. Its basin area is 472,606 square km. It passes through Turkey (17%), Syria (2%), Iran (29%) and Iraq (% 52). The Euphrates River also originates in southeastern Turkey. Its length is 2781 km and its basin area is 444,000 km2, of which 28% is located in Turkey, 17.1% is in Syria and the remaining 39.9% is in Iraq.[/size]
Degla river
[size=45]The water resources in Iraq depend mainly on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow from Turkey north to south. The two rivers meet in southern Iraq in Qurna to form what is known as the Shatt al-Arab. Most of the waters of the two rivers come from Turkey (71%), followed by Iran (6.9%), then Syria (4%), and the remainder is from inside Iraq. When analyzing these percentages, we find that 100% of the waters of the Euphrates River and 67% of the waters of the Tigris River come from outside Iraq. As for the flows of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, they reach an average of 30 cubic kilometers annually, but this number fluctuates between 10 to 40 cubic kilometers depending on the circumstances. climatic. With regard to the rest of the water sources in Iraq other than the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, they are specifically groundwater, but their quantities are very limited, and the World Bank has indicated that the volume of this water is 1.2 billion cubic meters and represents only 2% of the water consumed in Iraq.[/size]
[size=45]One of the main internal causes of water scarcity, in addition to desertification and pollution of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the high level of salt in the Shatt al-Arab, is the mismanagement of water resources after 2003, when unqualified officials took over the state institutions concerned with managing water resources, which aggravated the water crisis. The lack of eligibility caused the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources not to make any effort to negotiate with neighboring countries to secure Iraq's water share at all. On the internal level, the Ministry has left the operations of maintaining irrigation and drainage projects, and currently no more than 15% of these projects are working. The Ministry also granted water shares to lands outside the irrigation areas and modified irrigation networks for this, contrary to all instructions and to achieve personal interests, and there was no plan to operate the dams, which led to the reduction of water storage in these dams to its lowest levels, and in addition to the above, the Ministry flooded lands Shallow as marshes, which leads to increased salinity in these areas.[/size]
[size=45]Agreements and treaties

According to the documents, there are dozens of agreements and treaties that were concluded between Iraq and Turkey in order for Iraq to obtain its legal share of the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates, and the majority, if not all of these agreements, were not adhered to by either Turkey or Syria, and thus the drought resolved, almost, in The country that was called, thousands of years ago, Mesopotamia, or Mesopotamia (Tigris Euphrates), where the greatest civilizations were established on both sides of the two rivers.[/size]
[size=45]There are no decisive international laws on the issue of disputes between countries over water, but there are understandings and agreements signed, regarding matters related to the exploitation of rivers for purposes other than navigation, which Turkey (as well as Iran) refuses to sign the equivalent, as these two countries have built dams, hydroelectric stations and irrigation projects, Without the consent or even taking the opinion of the two countries, Syria and Iraq, located at the bottom of the common international rivers, and among these agreements and treaties, especially with regard to Iraq and Turkey, we mention:[/size]
[size=45]* The agreement concluded during the Second Geneva Conference for Communications in November 1933 on “the use of hydropower in international rivers,” which stated: that every state, within the limits of the rules of international law, must carry out in its territory all the actions it deems appropriate for the use of water forces. These acts did not affect the territory of another country, or did they result in serious damages to another country. In this regard, prior to its implementation, negotiations must be made between the interested countries to reach an agreement.[/size]
[size=45]* The Declaration of the American States in January 1933, which included principles that reflect cooperation between countries with shared rivers in the field of using international waters for non-navigational purposes, and in the exploitation of international water resources to generate hydroelectric power, and for agricultural and industrial purposes. The declaration included the right of all countries to exploit the waters of international rivers under their sovereignty for the purposes referred to, emphasizing that no country has the right to change the course of the international river for these purposes without the consent of the countries with shared rivers, and to ensure that the interests of these countries are not harmed. It shall also, before undertaking any project, notify other countries and attach all necessary technical documents to know the validity of the project. In the event that an agreement cannot be reached through diplomatic means, collective treaties and agreements in force on the American continent are resorted to.[/size]
[size=45]It is noted that all the above treaties, and others, expressly state that their provisions are an application of the rules of international law, and what is meant by international law here, is not a specific set of laws that can refer to the number of the law and its date, and what happens in the event that it is not implemented, but what is meant is general directions It can be referred to as a guide to action, such as good neighborliness, not causing “extreme” harm to neighboring countries, consultation, fairness, justice, and others, all of which are general matters.[/size]
[size=45]* We refer here to the Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighborliness signed between Iraq and Turkey on March 29, 1946, which many writers talk about as part of international law in regulating the water relationship between two countries. The text of the treaty, which is located in seven articles, includes six protocols, including the protocol “on the regulation of the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries.”[/size]
[size=45]* The Syrian-Turkish agreement was concluded in 1987 to share the waters of the Euphrates River between them during the period of filling the basin of the Ataturk Dam, which lasted for 5 years. The "interim agreement" stipulated that the Turkish side pledged to provide an annual rate of no less than 500 cubic meters per second at the borders temporarily until agreement on the final distribution of the Euphrates River water between the three countries in which it takes place.[/size]
[size=45]* In 1989, Syria signed an agreement requiring that the share of Iraq passed to it on the Syrian-Iraqi border should be 58% of the waters of the Euphrates, while Syria's share is 42% of the waters of the river. Later, Iraq, Turkey and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3, 2009, in order to enhance communication within the Tigris and Euphrates basin, and to develop joint stations to monitor the flow of water.[/size]
[size=45]* In December 2014, Iraq and Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding in the field of water, which includes 12 articles, the most prominent of which is stressing the importance of cooperation in the management of water resources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and determining the water share of each country in the waters of the two rivers.[/size]
[size=45]Successful Agreement with Turkey

Adnan Pachachi mentions that one of the important achievements he made in his early discussions with Turkey on Iraq’s rights to the Euphrates River waters, when he was Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in 1966: “The Turkish ambassador to Iraq visited me in my office in Baghdad and conveyed my thanks And his government’s appreciation of my position at the United Nations on the Cyprus issue, in which I supported them during my years as a permanent representative of Iraq in the international organization, and sent me on behalf of the Turkish government an invitation to visit Turkey. Prime Minister Abdul Rahman Al-Bazzaz urged me to accept the invitation, and I accepted the invitation after my arrival from New York to Iraq for a month.[/size]
[size=45]Pachachi talks about the details of his visit to Turkey, saying: “In Ankara, I received a great reception worthy of a head of state, even though I was a minister of state and not a minister of foreign affairs. They held celebrations for me and met Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel and Foreign Minister Ihsan Sabri. The Turkish foreign minister responded to the visit, as he came to Baghdad and we entered into negotiations over Iraq’s share of the Euphrates River, and at that time it made him accept negotiations according to the principle of acquired historical rights.[/size]
[size=45]He refers to the British ambassador in Baghdad’s comment on these discussions in his report sent to his Foreign Ministry on May 31, 1966, which stated, “Turkey’s agreement to abide by the provisions of international law on the waters of the shared rivers was considered here as a victory for the persistent diplomacy that he pursues.” Pachachi".[/size]
[size=45]The last talks

In September of last year, the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources announced that Turkey and Iraq had begun activating the terms of a new agreement on the sharing of the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, to ensure a fair distribution of water. One of the most important things in the agreement was the establishment of a joint research center for water between the two countries.[/size]
[size=45]The Iraqi Minister of Water Resources, Mahdi Rashid Al-Hamdani, affirmed that “the memorandum of understanding includes the commitment of neighboring Turkey to release fair and equitable waters for Iraq to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,” noting that the establishment of the joint research center in the capital, Baghdad, is close, to be the start of a new era in bilateral relations. Iraqi-Turkish water level.[/size]
[size=45]The Iranian role of

Iran and its policies is a negative role in the drying up of many rivers and lands in the Iraqi regions bordering it, in the north, east and south of Iraq. Iraqi officials revealed that Iran has established new dams on the tributaries of the Tigris River, which Iraq relies on for irrigation, stressing that Iran refuses to share negotiations with the Iraqi side over its water share despite its large water reserves, warning that the water crisis has exceeded the limits of agriculture to threaten even drinking water.[/size]
[size=45]Diyala province, which is bordered with Iran, is the most affected among the other Iraqi provinces due to Iran cutting off the tributaries of the Tigris River, which caused the water levels in the Diyala River to drop to more than 90%, prompting the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture to completely exclude it from the agricultural plan. This also caused the disruption of many drinking water projects due to the lack of water in the rivers on which it operates.[/size]
[size=45]It is noteworthy that Iran cut off water from more than 45 seasonal tributaries and streams that fed the rivers and marshes in Iraq, the most important of which are the Karkheh, Karun, Tayyib and Alund rivers, and the last of which is the Hoshiari River, which feeds the Sulaymaniyah Governorate.[/size]
Drought threatens Iraq's rivers
[size=45]The Iraqi government had announced that Iran had completely stopped the sources of the Alvand River entering Iraqi territory, a move that Iraqi officials saw as affecting agriculture and livestock in the areas of Diyala province, whose agricultural lands are far from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.[/size]
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