[You must be registered and logged in to see this image.]
Hatem Georges Hatem *: Measure the effect of changing the dinar exchange rate towards
This research paper is exclusively concerned with two things. The first is to define the objectives of research and
Install the definition that it adopts for the variable that the search is centered on, for the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar;
The second means explaining the methodology adopted by the paper in the analysis. The second part of the paper is to clarify
The mechanism for determining the exchange rate of the dinar against the Iraqi currency in Iraq and highlighting the pivotal role in this matter
For a specific exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar, the two dinar exchange rates in exchange for the Bank's window/auction
Iraqi central and the exchange rate of the dinar according to the local market. After highlighting the importance of the dinar exchange rate for
In accordance with the Central Bank of Iraq general budget window/auction, the paper in this section tends to show those
The specificities of each side of the expenses and the expenditure side of the general budget responsible for the variation in the impact of the total
Two sides to change the exchange rate of this dinar. The paper was for the general analysis of each of these X Part III of
The effect of the change in the exchange rate of the dinar versus the Dueller in accordance with the window/auction of the central bank on either side
The general budget of Iraq after the exam is considered the specificity of all the items. And this analysis is a search to
Arriving at a number of mathematical conclusions that are useful in making appropriate decisions about the price trajectory
Exchange of the dinar in exchange for the Dueller in general and the dinar exchange rate in exchange for the Central Bank's window/auction
of Iraq in particular. In its fourth part, the paper presents a case study in which mathematical analysis is employed
On the effect of a reduction in the dinar exchange rate at the central Bank auction (09.9)% of the total
General budget for 2016, the overall total expenditure, and the deficit achieved.
This application shows that such a reduction in the exchange rate of the dinar according to the central bank auction leads to
Shrinking budget deficit B (6.23.) And in the good part, the seeker lists what he felt was the most important
Reached in this research paper.
1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives of research and definition of exchange rate
The purpose of this study is to illustrate the effect of change in the exchange rate of the dinar against the general total
The Iraqi general budget and total expenditure, and follow up on the impact of this change on the gap between these two
Variables (i.e., the deficit or surplus in the general budget). The exchange rate is known as the dinar towards any foreign currency
In this paper as the required amount of the relevant currency to buy one Iraqi dinar, or in other words
The price of one Iraqi dinar expressed in a certain foreign currency, instead of the amount required from the Iraqi dinar for the purchase
1 unit of a certain currency or unit price of a particular currency expressed in Iraqi dinars.
1
Two exchange rate definitions are available. The exchange rate is defined as the price of one unit of the local currency
Calculated or defective in the currency or amount of the Alalzmah currency to purchase one unit of the local currency. This definition
Is the most internationally adopted at the present time
Dornbusch, Roger, Stanley, Fischer and Richard Startz. Macroeconomics, Op.
cit., p. 576.
The following reference shows the motives behind the widespread use of this definition in the good years
Dunn, Robert M. Jr., and John H. Muttin. International Economics, London
and New York: Routledge, 2000, p.3
AfrikaansArabicBanglaBosnianBulgarianCantonese (Traditional)CatalanChinese SimplifiedChinese TraditionalCroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEstonian FijianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGermanGreekHaitian CreoleHebrewHindiHmong DawHungarianIcelandicIndonesianItalianJapaneseKlin gonKlingon (plqaD)KoreanLatvianLithuanianMalagasyMalayMaltese NorwegianPersianPolishPortugueseQuerétaro OtomiRomanianRussianSamoanSerbian (Cyrillic)Serbian (Latin)SlovakSlovenianSpanishSwahiliSwedishTahitia nTamilThaiTonganTurkishUkrainianUrduVietnameseWels hYucatec Maya
It is clear that the exchange rate of the dinar according to the second definition is just the inverse of the dinar exchange rate as defined
The wall. Accordingly, according to the definition of this exchange rate paper, the saying "reduce/raise
Exchange rate dinar "is necessarily synonymous with the saying '" Raise/decrease the inverse of the dinar exchange rate. " The equation indicates
(1) The value of the change in the inverse of the exchange rate is equal to minus
Change in exchange rate multiplied by exchange rate value before changing to value after change.
(1)................
E1
The equation codes reflect the exchange rate indices as shown below:
E0 = exchange rate before change
E1 = exchange rate after change
y = rate of change in exchange rate
x = percentage change in the inverse of the exchange rate
1.2 Research Methodology
The second definition is the inverse of the definition. According to this definition, the exchange rate represents the price of one unit of currency
The GNU is calculated or expressed in local currency or the amount of the local currency alalzmah to buy/sell a single unit of currency
The genome. This definition has been adopted in a number of scientific studies, for example the exclusive
Catoa, Luis A.V. "Return to Basics: Why Exchange Rates," Finance and
Development, September 2007, p. 48
The Central Bank of Iraq adopts the best known exchange rate in its official statistics on the exchange rate of the dinar
For example: "annual yearbook 2016 " issued by the General Directorate of LALHASAA and al-Bahath
Of the central Bank of Iraq available on the following website:
Http://www.cbi.iq/documents/Annual_
The paper adopts a simple mathematical analytical method that goes beyond the compulsory treatment of the education phase.
Average. As part of this research, the employment of mathematics in Aalkotsadi third analysis has important advantages. On the one hand
First, this recruitment is characterized by a clear and simple expression of the lingering between variables
Nomic provided by nomic theory to facilitate the finding of facts and conclusions is difficult (and may not be
In many of the two neighbourhoods (obtained from the during of the analysis, i.e., tantalum or verbal enrichment).
On the other hand, mathematical analysis tools allow the precise and the exact same as the revenge for change in a particular variable
On variables that are associated with either as an extended variable or as a specified variable. On the third hand, the
Mathematical expressive of the lingering between variables nomic allows the possibility of using actual data for variables
To muzzle these variables, and thus to quantify what it takes or generates, changes a variable, by the amount of
Specified or a certain percentage, a change in the variables associated with it from certain identical during or lingering causal determinants.
Mathematical analysis, like any theoretical analysis, needs to employ simplistic hypotheses. Such hypotheses
Awal allows to focus on the main elements and milestones of the topic around which the analysis is structured, and secondly, to identify
On the causal lingering of the variables, fixed and time-limited, and expressed in clear mathematical formulas
of Aalltbas and error. On the one hand, on the other hand, it is necessary to resort to additional simplistic hypotheses
When you begin to employ what is produced by the mathematical analysis of the subject from the information that reflects the causal lingering between
Nomic variables involved in the analysis of a specific economic reality for two reasons: Awal that resorting to simplistic hypotheses
The analysis facilitates capturing and containment of those landmarks of interest to the concerned that bear particular importance to the subject of the research
And that has important implications for what the analysis leads to conclusions about the lingering between variables
Research within a given economy; second, the available metadata for variables Nomic
Rarely fully correspond to the definitions in the pure form given to them by theoretical lines;
Simplistic hypotheses facilitate the adaptation of theoretical definitions of nomic variables involved with the data available, and the
Can eventually be gagged and used to quantify the effect of changes
In specific (independent) variables on variables dependent on them.
2. The mechanism for determining the exchange rate system of the dinar and its role in the general budget calculations of the Iraqi state
1.2 The mechanism for determining the exchange rate of the dinar against the Dueller and other other
According to the approved course in determining the route of the dinar exchange rates for the Omani currency, the central bank is responsible
An administrative decision to set an official exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar for the only dollar. The term price is used
Cashing the window or auction of the Central Bank of God on this official exchange rate. The central bank adopts an exchange rate
The Central Bank's window/auction to divert general budget revenues from the oil exports of the duwaller to the dinar
When deposited in the Ministry of Finance account with the central bank. Also, this window/auction exchange rate
Used by all State and public sector institutions to convert Maamaltha financial values from Duwaller to dinar
Iraq and vice versa when necessary. It is clear from the above that the window/auction exchange rate is specifically
The exchange rate and the decisive balance in the general budget accounts, not any other exchange rate of the dinar, whether
For the Duwaller or for any other foreign currency. The central bank exercises control of the dinar exchange rate against
The Doler is in the market of during the amount of Duwaller he offers for sale through his auction of the currency and in line with
Supply and demand laws. The term market exchange rate for the Dalai Lama is called the dinar exchange rate for the Duwaller
2 The local market.
From now on, the terms of the auction exchange rate and market exchange rate for the gods will be used for
The exchange rate of the dinar against the Duwaller according to the central Bank of Iraq's window/auction and according to the market, respectively.
In general, the central Bank of Iraq is distancing itself from establishing official exchange rates for the dinar towards the
Other information or interference with the exchange rate of the dinar towards other foreign market
. The exchange rate of the dinar towards the Duwaller, whether according to the Central Bank's window/auction or according to the local market,
[You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
Hatem Georges Hatem *: Measure the effect of changing the dinar exchange rate towards
This research paper is exclusively concerned with two things. The first is to define the objectives of research and
Install the definition that it adopts for the variable that the search is centered on, for the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar;
The second means explaining the methodology adopted by the paper in the analysis. The second part of the paper is to clarify
The mechanism for determining the exchange rate of the dinar against the Iraqi currency in Iraq and highlighting the pivotal role in this matter
For a specific exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar, the two dinar exchange rates in exchange for the Bank's window/auction
Iraqi central and the exchange rate of the dinar according to the local market. After highlighting the importance of the dinar exchange rate for
In accordance with the Central Bank of Iraq general budget window/auction, the paper in this section tends to show those
The specificities of each side of the expenses and the expenditure side of the general budget responsible for the variation in the impact of the total
Two sides to change the exchange rate of this dinar. The paper was for the general analysis of each of these X Part III of
The effect of the change in the exchange rate of the dinar versus the Dueller in accordance with the window/auction of the central bank on either side
The general budget of Iraq after the exam is considered the specificity of all the items. And this analysis is a search to
Arriving at a number of mathematical conclusions that are useful in making appropriate decisions about the price trajectory
Exchange of the dinar in exchange for the Dueller in general and the dinar exchange rate in exchange for the Central Bank's window/auction
of Iraq in particular. In its fourth part, the paper presents a case study in which mathematical analysis is employed
On the effect of a reduction in the dinar exchange rate at the central Bank auction (09.9)% of the total
General budget for 2016, the overall total expenditure, and the deficit achieved.
This application shows that such a reduction in the exchange rate of the dinar according to the central bank auction leads to
Shrinking budget deficit B (6.23.) And in the good part, the seeker lists what he felt was the most important
Reached in this research paper.
1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives of research and definition of exchange rate
The purpose of this study is to illustrate the effect of change in the exchange rate of the dinar against the general total
The Iraqi general budget and total expenditure, and follow up on the impact of this change on the gap between these two
Variables (i.e., the deficit or surplus in the general budget). The exchange rate is known as the dinar towards any foreign currency
In this paper as the required amount of the relevant currency to buy one Iraqi dinar, or in other words
The price of one Iraqi dinar expressed in a certain foreign currency, instead of the amount required from the Iraqi dinar for the purchase
1 unit of a certain currency or unit price of a particular currency expressed in Iraqi dinars.
1
Two exchange rate definitions are available. The exchange rate is defined as the price of one unit of the local currency
Calculated or defective in the currency or amount of the Alalzmah currency to purchase one unit of the local currency. This definition
Is the most internationally adopted at the present time
Dornbusch, Roger, Stanley, Fischer and Richard Startz. Macroeconomics, Op.
cit., p. 576.
The following reference shows the motives behind the widespread use of this definition in the good years
Dunn, Robert M. Jr., and John H. Muttin. International Economics, London
and New York: Routledge, 2000, p.3
AfrikaansArabicBanglaBosnianBulgarianCantonese (Traditional)CatalanChinese SimplifiedChinese TraditionalCroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEstonian FijianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGermanGreekHaitian CreoleHebrewHindiHmong DawHungarianIcelandicIndonesianItalianJapaneseKlin gonKlingon (plqaD)KoreanLatvianLithuanianMalagasyMalayMaltese NorwegianPersianPolishPortugueseQuerétaro OtomiRomanianRussianSamoanSerbian (Cyrillic)Serbian (Latin)SlovakSlovenianSpanishSwahiliSwedishTahitia nTamilThaiTonganTurkishUkrainianUrduVietnameseWels hYucatec Maya
It is clear that the exchange rate of the dinar according to the second definition is just the inverse of the dinar exchange rate as defined
The wall. Accordingly, according to the definition of this exchange rate paper, the saying "reduce/raise
Exchange rate dinar "is necessarily synonymous with the saying '" Raise/decrease the inverse of the dinar exchange rate. " The equation indicates
(1) The value of the change in the inverse of the exchange rate is equal to minus
Change in exchange rate multiplied by exchange rate value before changing to value after change.
(1)................
E1
The equation codes reflect the exchange rate indices as shown below:
E0 = exchange rate before change
E1 = exchange rate after change
y = rate of change in exchange rate
x = percentage change in the inverse of the exchange rate
1.2 Research Methodology
The second definition is the inverse of the definition. According to this definition, the exchange rate represents the price of one unit of currency
The GNU is calculated or expressed in local currency or the amount of the local currency alalzmah to buy/sell a single unit of currency
The genome. This definition has been adopted in a number of scientific studies, for example the exclusive
Catoa, Luis A.V. "Return to Basics: Why Exchange Rates," Finance and
Development, September 2007, p. 48
The Central Bank of Iraq adopts the best known exchange rate in its official statistics on the exchange rate of the dinar
For example: "annual yearbook 2016 " issued by the General Directorate of LALHASAA and al-Bahath
Of the central Bank of Iraq available on the following website:
Http://www.cbi.iq/documents/Annual_
The paper adopts a simple mathematical analytical method that goes beyond the compulsory treatment of the education phase.
Average. As part of this research, the employment of mathematics in Aalkotsadi third analysis has important advantages. On the one hand
First, this recruitment is characterized by a clear and simple expression of the lingering between variables
Nomic provided by nomic theory to facilitate the finding of facts and conclusions is difficult (and may not be
In many of the two neighbourhoods (obtained from the during of the analysis, i.e., tantalum or verbal enrichment).
On the other hand, mathematical analysis tools allow the precise and the exact same as the revenge for change in a particular variable
On variables that are associated with either as an extended variable or as a specified variable. On the third hand, the
Mathematical expressive of the lingering between variables nomic allows the possibility of using actual data for variables
To muzzle these variables, and thus to quantify what it takes or generates, changes a variable, by the amount of
Specified or a certain percentage, a change in the variables associated with it from certain identical during or lingering causal determinants.
Mathematical analysis, like any theoretical analysis, needs to employ simplistic hypotheses. Such hypotheses
Awal allows to focus on the main elements and milestones of the topic around which the analysis is structured, and secondly, to identify
On the causal lingering of the variables, fixed and time-limited, and expressed in clear mathematical formulas
of Aalltbas and error. On the one hand, on the other hand, it is necessary to resort to additional simplistic hypotheses
When you begin to employ what is produced by the mathematical analysis of the subject from the information that reflects the causal lingering between
Nomic variables involved in the analysis of a specific economic reality for two reasons: Awal that resorting to simplistic hypotheses
The analysis facilitates capturing and containment of those landmarks of interest to the concerned that bear particular importance to the subject of the research
And that has important implications for what the analysis leads to conclusions about the lingering between variables
Research within a given economy; second, the available metadata for variables Nomic
Rarely fully correspond to the definitions in the pure form given to them by theoretical lines;
Simplistic hypotheses facilitate the adaptation of theoretical definitions of nomic variables involved with the data available, and the
Can eventually be gagged and used to quantify the effect of changes
In specific (independent) variables on variables dependent on them.
2. The mechanism for determining the exchange rate system of the dinar and its role in the general budget calculations of the Iraqi state
1.2 The mechanism for determining the exchange rate of the dinar against the Dueller and other other
According to the approved course in determining the route of the dinar exchange rates for the Omani currency, the central bank is responsible
An administrative decision to set an official exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar for the only dollar. The term price is used
Cashing the window or auction of the Central Bank of God on this official exchange rate. The central bank adopts an exchange rate
The Central Bank's window/auction to divert general budget revenues from the oil exports of the duwaller to the dinar
When deposited in the Ministry of Finance account with the central bank. Also, this window/auction exchange rate
Used by all State and public sector institutions to convert Maamaltha financial values from Duwaller to dinar
Iraq and vice versa when necessary. It is clear from the above that the window/auction exchange rate is specifically
The exchange rate and the decisive balance in the general budget accounts, not any other exchange rate of the dinar, whether
For the Duwaller or for any other foreign currency. The central bank exercises control of the dinar exchange rate against
The Doler is in the market of during the amount of Duwaller he offers for sale through his auction of the currency and in line with
Supply and demand laws. The term market exchange rate for the Dalai Lama is called the dinar exchange rate for the Duwaller
2 The local market.
From now on, the terms of the auction exchange rate and market exchange rate for the gods will be used for
The exchange rate of the dinar against the Duwaller according to the central Bank of Iraq's window/auction and according to the market, respectively.
In general, the central Bank of Iraq is distancing itself from establishing official exchange rates for the dinar towards the
Other information or interference with the exchange rate of the dinar towards other foreign market
. The exchange rate of the dinar towards the Duwaller, whether according to the Central Bank's window/auction or according to the local market,
[You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
» Iraq's Economy Under the Bullets: How Violence Affects Investment
» Behind the Shadow: Lobbies in America Want to Control Iraq... and Representative Arab: Attempts to Q
» The dollar in the parallel market.. Al-Sudani’s advisor presents a different vision and economic exp
» More than one billion dollars is the volume of trade exchange between Iraq and Brazil
» Two years to complete the project.. Japan continues $ 4.5 billion to build an oil refinery in Iraq
» Bloomberg Survey: OPEC Oil Production in June Stabilizes for Third Month, Here's Iraq's Position
» Chairman of the Securities Commission: The value of traded shares during the first half of 2024 amou
» After decades of neglect.. A government plan to revive Maysan factories
» Law: Maliki’s call for early elections “still stands”
» MP: Washington failed in 5 Iraqi files
» Oil clarifies regarding the employment of national workers in licensing round projects
» Interior Ministry gives citizens 6 months to register and sell their weapons: Life imprisonment awai
» US Ambassador visits Chief Justice
» The National Approach Parliamentary Party calls for the enactment of the Marshlands Law
» Electricity pledges to improve supplies by mid-month
» Prime Minister: We will not deviate from the mission of completing sovereignty
» Joint meeting to unify border crossing procedures
» "Strategic projects" between Iraq and Turkey in the water file
» Transportation: Five platforms nearing completion
» 3.5 million fiber optic lines to homes completed
» Oil companies.. global environmental standards and an absent law
» Rafidain Bank announces the implementation of the comprehensive banking system in the pharmacists’ b
» Iraqi-Pakistani agreement to develop agricultural cooperation in various fields
» "Under Strict Surveillance" Organized Crime Tracks Weapons Buying and Selling on Social Media
» "Public money" returns to the forefront and warnings against its exploitation for election propagand
» Massoud Barzani in Baghdad on Wednesday for the first time in 6 years.. What does he bring?
» 20 products in the first phase.. A three-year plan to revive Maysan factories
» Basra-Aqaba Pipeline.. American orders, Iraqi implementation, and Zionist benefit
» MP: We are waiting for the Foreign Ministry’s response to “Woltz’s” transgression, otherwise we will
» Parliamentary Integrity Commission reveals “routine procedures” that hinder the recovery of smuggled
» State Administration Coalition receives government program report: 68% implemented (video)
» An expert identifies three reasons for the return of the dollar’s rise and confirms: The solution
» Agriculture obliges livestock importers and butchers to set fixed meat prices
» London.. Mohammed Shukri represents the Prime Minister of the Kurdistan Regional Government at the (
» Health announces deduction rates for those covered by health insurance services
» Parliamentary Finance reveals the effects of the increase in oil prices and its difference in the 20
» Increase in sales of foreign remittances in the Central Bank of Iraq auction
» Barzani to visit Baghdad tomorrow, Wednesday
» Al-Sudani to Palestinian official: Iraq continues efforts to alleviate the suffering of civilians be
» Implementation of the comprehensive banking system of Rafidain Bank in 31 branches
» For the third month in a row, OPEC oil production remains stable
» MPs' opinions differ on the possibility of holding an extraordinary session to decide the position o
» What are the most important files that Massoud Barzani is scheduled to discuss in Baghdad tomorrow?
» Circumstances of “attacking the director of Al-Sha’la Municipality”: Brokers are outlaws, not citize
» The "exceptional" Turkish activity in the north is aided by Iraqi hands.. What is the story of the s
» Difficulty of amending employee salary scales.. What are the obstacles?
» "Baghdad Municipality is watching"... Merchants are violating the laws and taking over the sidewalks
» utube 6/26/24 MM&C IQD Update-Iraqi Dinar-2024 Budget Deficit is Hypothetical-
» MM&C 6/29/24 Dinar Explainer 1: Why Iraq has Two Exchange Rates
» MM&C 6/30/24 RK completes the first phase of the automation project and reveals its revenues within
» Minister of Labor directs preparation of a study on digital transformation within the ministry
» Minister of Labor directs review of controls for granting loans
» A government agreement to activate electronic payment in pharmacies and stores
» Parliamentary Finance reveals the effects of the oil price increase and its differences in the 2023
» The Service Council begins distributing holders of advanced and top diplomas
» Al-Emaar announces investment opportunities for residential cities soon in these governorates
» The Wasit government is discussing the Chinese Oasis Company's oil projects in the governorate
» Telecommunications announces the completion of 3.5 million FTTH fiber optic lines
» The truth about the "Syrian-Turkish" meeting in Baghdad.. What do the three parties benefit from?
» A deputy reveals the reasons for the increase in the number of “blacklisted wanted persons”
» Kurdistan delivers more than 70 billion dinars to the federal government in non-oil revenues for the
» Parliamentary Legal: Laws stalled in Parliament need political consensus
» A joint meeting between the governments of Baghdad and Erbil to unify border crossing procedures
» Al-Sudani: If it weren't for the strong ties, the different clans and figures wouldn't have joined t
» A new decision from the Central Bank regarding granting dollars to travelers
» Parliament is awaiting consensus to approve a package of laws
» Oil Exploration signs a contract to implement seismic surveys for the Khana oil patch with the Chine
» Al-Bajari: The government’s policies towards stopping local factories and laboratories are “shy”
» Joint meeting between the federal government and the region on mechanisms for unifying procedures at
» Al-Rasheed Bank announces raising the salaries of civilian and military retirees for the month of Ju
» Non-oil revenues... Kurdistan Region Finance deposits more than 70 billion dinars in the federal tre
» Minister of Environment: Infrastructure for environmental improvement is considered one of the gover
» The President of the Republic denounces the infringement on the independence of the Iraqi judiciary.
» Parliament considers the control of economic committees the reason for the failure of some ministrie
» Al-Sudani directs to settle expropriations along the development road path
» US Congressional Lobby: Kurdish alliances and the Iraqi opposition against Baghdad
» Al-Sudani emphasizes fortifying the state with the constitution and the law
» Popular Movement: The American Embassy obstructs Iraq’s accession to the Belt and Road Initiative
» Suleiman: There are no government solutions to stop Turkish violations
» State of law: There is no lawsuit against Al-Halbousi despite his conviction for forgery
» Basra Council intends to vote on the 2024 projects plan
» Deputy demands that public opinion be revealed about the importance of the Aqaba pipeline
» Al-Sudani emphasizes fortifying the state and its institutions and enhancing their effectiveness thr
» Economist: The Aqaba pipeline will cost Iraq $28 billion
» Türkiye: We have a strategic agreement on the water file with Iraq
» Iraq hosts a “Turkish-Syrian” meeting with Chinese and Iranian support
» Postponing the distribution of retirees’ salaries until tomorrow due to the bank holiday
» Good news for Iraqi retirees
» Iraqi citizens are surprised by the refusal of government banks to sell dollars to pilgrims
» Baghdad-Erbil dispute delays opening of Yazidi mass grave in Sinjar for 9 years
» A significant increase in foreign remittance sales at the Iraqi Central Auction
» The head of the Media Commission confirms Iraq's commitment to bridging the digital gap
» The Prime Minister's Advisor announces that Iraq has completed its integration steps by providing sa
» Minister of Interior inaugurates advanced color printing factory for national cards
» Most notably, "owning a sufficient number of cars".. Transport clarifies the controls for the work o
» "Joint Projects" Minister of Resources Explains Details of Water Talks with Turkish Side
» The service effort completes its work and opens the Al-Shumukh area in Baghdad
» Iraq, Iran move closer to river cruises